The Holy Bible is Fact, Not Fiction :: Holy Bible Essays

The Holy Bible is Fact, Not FictionThe Hebrew volume utilize for sidereal day is the word yom. Every other time the word is used in the Old Testament in conjunction with a number, a literal, 24-hour period of time is being described what we know as a day. The word is never used metaphorically in the Bible. The verses most commonly used to say that the word day in Genesis could mean more than a 24 hour period are Psalm 904 and 2 Peter 3, which quotes Psalm 904. Psalm 904 -For a thousand years in Your sight Are comparable yesterday when it passes by, Or as a watch in the night. 2 Peter 38 -But do not let this one feature escape your notice, beloved, that with the Lord one day is like a thousand years, and a thousand years like one day. Notice the phrases are like and is like. The Greek word used in 2 Peter is 38 for that phrase is like is the word hos, a word used in a figurative comparison - the word as. We must always keep things in the proper perspective Science is of men the B ible is of God (2 herds grass 316 - All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness). The almighty, all-powerful, omniscient, omnipresent God we worship obviously has the ability to create the sphere in an even shorter time He could speak one word and it ALL would come into existence. He says in His Word that He created it in sestet old age, why cant we let Him speak for Himself and take it at face value. Gods Word is infallible, people ARE NOT. Exodus 2011 -For in six days the LORD make the heavens and the earth, the sea and all that is in them, and rested on the seventh day therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy. Exodus 3116-17 -So the sons of Israel shall observe the Sabbath, to celebrate the Sabbath throughout their generations as a perpetual covenant. It is a theater between Me and the sons of Israel forever for in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, but on the seventh day He ceased from labor, and was refreshed. If we were to assume that Creation lasted more than 6 24 hour days, the sign the second passage speaks of would be a pretty poor sign - a comparison between a 6000 year creation and our 7 day week wouldnt be very meaningful.

HRM Strategies Needed by Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies to Achieve High Performance Work :: Janssen Pharmaceuticals Case Study

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYHigh Performance Work (HPW) is absolutely essential for the sleepers to manage the to a great spot aggressive markets. Absence of organisational effectiveness or techniques would absolutely push the association in the negative course. In this paper Leadership and Human Resource circumspection (HRM) ideas be contemplated for expanding the superior working of the Janssen Pharmaceuticals. The collaboration and HRM procedures utilized by the Janssen are assessed. The assessment is carried out on the premise of proper hypothetical models. The ranges in which the association is solid and powerless are unmistakably distinguished and portrayed as a feature of the examination. Janssen which is fundamentally a Health care supplier has puissant HRM procedures. In the meantime there is so much the association can enhance in the fields like wellbeing, reasonable arrangement. Proposals for expanding the proficiency of the association are unmistakably depicted.Table of Content s Executive Summary................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 4 Analysis...................................................................................................................... 4 About Janssen............................................................................................................ 4 Leadership.. ............................................................................................. 5 Human Resource precaution (HRM) .......................................................................6Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 10.Recommendations..................................................................................................... 11 References........................ ......................................................................................... 12INTRODUCTION For Janssen pharmaceuticals, leadership and human resource management are two essential perspectives that need to be analyse. The primary want behind taking these two angles it is straightforwardly connected to the High performance work (HPW) of the organization. Separated from all other criteria, leadership is a special step that straightforwardly connected to the accomplishment of the organization, in light of the fact that it incorporates the social relations between higher powers and their minimum employees. The intermediate managers are paramount on the grounds that his predisposition part of leaders and supporters (Clegg, et.al 2011). The relationship of representatives with the top level administration is not entrenched for Janssen, may be a direct solvent of the absent of immediate contact with one another. There are different exercises included in the Human resource m anagement. They are enrolling the workers, setting up the select and remuneration techniques. It additionally incorporates execution administration frameworks, offering the data and including the workers in an extensive manner. All these exercises are done in a thorough representation for procuring, creating and retaining the talented workforce. All these practices are by and large considered as high responsibility or high inclusion frameworks. In less difficult legal injury they are alluded as high performance works (HPWS). This idea is identified with strategic human resource management (SHRM). SHRM positively includes the managerial movements identified with converse and participation, preparing and advancement, recruitment and staffing and execution administration and compensation (Anthony et.

Sex Roles and Gender Bias in Early Childhood Education Essay -- Stereo

Sex determination stereotyping and gender bias permeate e veryday life. Children cop about invokeual activity roles very early in their lives, probably before they are 18 months old, certainly long before they enter school.(Howe, 1). The behaviors that form these charge up roles often go unnoticed but their effect is immeasurable. Simple behaviors like the color coding of infants (blue & pink), the toys children are given, the adjectives used to describe infants (boys handsome, big, strong girls sweet, pretty, precious), and the way we address to and hold them are but a few of the ways the shake roles are introduced. These behaviors provide the basis for the sex roles and future encouragement from parents and teachers only pay back the sex roles.Toys, literature, media, and films also encourage sex roles. Males are depicted as doing, while fe priapics are always receiving. In this paper, 5 articles focusing on sex roles were used. The articles look at the damaging effec ts of sex role stereotyping, and some ways the sex roles are accentuated in the schools. The research on sex role stereotyping is currently growing. There are many theories regarding its existence. Some attribute the sex roles to the media, literature and society, but it is a combination of all these factors. Despite the best of intentions by parents to not encourage the sex roles, at the time of kindergarten, children will demonstrate behaviors specific to their sex. It is believed that this phenomenon occurs because the children know that they are either a boy or a girl but are trying to figure out exactly what that means (Seid, 114). The behaviors that children seem to learn do have gender specific characteristics. Examples of male appropriate behavior includes aggression, independence and curiosity. Female behaviors reflect the opposite of the male behaviors passivity, dependence and timidity (Howe, 3). Parents have a strong impact on the sex roles that children acquire . If the sex roles are stereotypical in the home then the children will imitate the behavior that is observed in the home. Simple, parental behaviors such as who drives and who pays for dinner influence the childrens perceptions of sex roles (Seid, 115). This issue has been extensively researched. Howe states Schools function to reinforce the sexual stereotypes that children have been taught by their parents, fri... ...nantly dictated by the upper class, Caucasian male. This excludes easy over half the population of the nation. Our country is saying that essentially, just a few of us, the elite, will govern and institute the rules, but we expect everyone regardless, of how these rules may mask your life to obey them. That is putting a number of our citizens at a high risk for failure. Society necessitate to change to accommodate the growing needs of its people. Although most of the research seems to indicate that sex role stereotyping permeates our society and our schools, there are ways to discourage children from falling into the stereotypical roles. It will take the voices of everyone to make a change in the way that society portrays boys and men, girls and women. We are doing an injustice to our children by encouraging these roles. Educators need to become increasingly aware of their practices in their classrooms. It is very easy to fall into the trap of segregating the sexes all of us have to support and encourage our children that they can do and be anything. When enough people believe that the sex roles can be diminished, then society, the media and the government will follow.

Gay Men Should Be Allowed To Donate Blood :: essays research papers

A man who has had sex with a nonher man within the last cinque years, whether oral or anal sex, with or without a condom or other form of protection, is not permitted to donate blood and must please not do so.This was the state custodyt issued last Thursday by a spokesman from the South African National Blood Service (SANBS).This statement had caused a huge challenge between the SANBS and the Gay and Lesbian Alliance (GLA)Every newspaper has headline aft(prenominal) headline about this new topic, every news update on all radio stations, every news program on the television, everybody is talking about this latest disruption in our some-what peaceful lives.The GLA states that on Friday, the day after the statement was made, they donated gay blood, some newspapers claim that 120 units were given, another says over 600 units were donated, all the stories are very conflicting, which ace, if any, are we to believe?A big disbelief everyone is asking is that if they did donate gay blood , why did they if they were clearly asked not to, and when they did, it means they lied on the forms about their sexual activities. What good is this going to do anyone one may ask, but if you were in that situation, would you not do something about it to? If they suddenly decided that any white female is forbidden to donate blood, no subject what your HIV status is, would you not retaliate and cause a rebel?This causes us to think, (for once), what the gay men did was wrong by donating their blood, but we cannot point fingers and seek them if we would have done the same.What the SANBS is totally wrong, discrimination of any kind is against the law and yet they are blatantly doing it in front of the whole country, and world.Way covert when HIV and AIDS was first discovered, the gay men were the only ones that seemed to be infected with this disease, so at that time it was a reasonable rule to throw away them from donating. But now we are in 2006 and every single gender, race, re ligion and group has been infected with HIV so to only ban gay men is unacceptable.

Technology and Education Essay -- Teaching Education Essays

Technology and Education The use of technology in schools has a great effect on not only students, but teachers as well. Today, we somely think of technology as computers, but it is much more than that. In fact, one of the first technologies use in the classroom was the chalkboard.Most students right away use technology throughout their school day. Uses for technology can be found for every subject division a student has. Some of the most widely used tools are found in the English and Language Arts classes. Writing on explicate processors allows students to cut-and-paste, save their work, and use spell checkers and thesauruses. With technology students are also given advantages in learning how to read. Reading programs use drill-and-practice techniques to help with reinforcing young students schooling skills.Technology is also used in science education. Scientific hardware such as handheld computers, thermometers, and sensors allow for out of class experimentation . Students are at a time able to telecollaborate with other students, and scientists, from places all most the world. This communication with others allows for the understanding of experiments.Social studies education also includes the use of technology. Databases are used to organize information, which if done by hand could take hours longer to accomplish. Online recital and simulations 1 are also used. One of my favorite technologies used in the social studies field is the ability for students to go on virtual fieldtrips. According to Ryan and Cooper (2004), these run a wealth of opportunities to extend learning(p. 192).Mathematics education also uses technology to aid students. Tutorial software package can provide instruction to stude... ...in the classroom. (p. 1) This five-phase learning 2 concluded with the results supporting Grimes and Smiths (2004) supposition that dollars spent on technology professional development change magnitude a teachers consolidatio n of technology into the classroom (p. 5).There are so many aspects of technology that positively affect students, teachers, and the educational system. I cant imagine my behavior without my own personal uses of technology. I check my email regularly, use my graphing calculator in math class, search the origination Wide Web for information, and Im using a word processor right now. I am going to school to become an primary(a) school teacher and I am excited to be able to use these sources of technology to help teach my students. Im sure by the time that I am a teacher, my students will be teaching me a thing or two about computers and technology. Technology and Education endeavor -- Teaching Education EssaysTechnology and Education The use of technology in schools has a great effect on not only students, but teachers as well. Today, we mostly think of technology as computers, but it is much more than that. In fact, one of the first technologies used in the classroom was the chalkboard.Most students today use technology throughout their school day. Uses for technology can be found for every subject matter a student has. Some of the most widely used tools are found in the English and Language Arts classes. Writing on word processors allows students to cut-and-paste, save their work, and use spell checkers and thesauruses. With technology students are also given advantages in learning how to read. Reading programs use drill-and-practice techniques to help with reinforcing young students reading skills.Technology is also used in science education. Scientific hardware such as handheld computers, thermometers, and sensors allow for out of class experimentation. Students are now able to telecollaborate with other students, and scientists, from places all around the world. This communication with others allows for the understanding of experiments.Social studies education also includes the use of technology. Databases are used to organize information, which if done by hand could take hours longer to accomplish. Online archives and simulations 1 are also used. One of my favorite technologies used in the social studies field is the ability for students to go on virtual fieldtrips. According to Ryan and Cooper (2004), these provide a wealth of opportunities to extend learning(p. 192).Mathematics education also uses technology to aid students. Tutorial software can provide instruction to stude... ...in the classroom. (p. 1) This five-phase study 2 concluded with the results supporting Grimes and Smiths (2004) supposition that dollars spent on technology professional development increased a teachers integration of technology into the classroom (p. 5).There are so many aspects of technology that positively affect students, teachers, and the educational system. I cant imagine my life without my own personal uses of technology. I check my email regularly, use my graphing calculator in math class, search the World Wide Web for information, and Im using a word processor right now. I am going to school to become an elementary school teacher and I am excited to be able to use these sources of technology to help teach my students. Im sure by the time that I am a teacher, my students will be teaching me a thing or two about computers and technology.

Technology and Education Essay -- Teaching Education Essays

Technology and genteelness The physical exertion of engineering science in schools has a great effect on not sole(prenominal) pupils, but instructors as well. Today, we mostly come back of technology as computers, but it is much more than that. In fact, one of the first technologies utilize in the classroom was the chalkboard.Most students today use technology throughout their school day. Uses for technology can be found for every subject matter a student has. Some of the most widely used tools be found in the English and Language Arts classes. Writing on word processors allows students to cut-and-paste, save their work, and use spell checkers and thesauruses. With technology students are likewise given advantages in learning how to read. Reading programs use drill-and-practice techniques to help with reinforcing young students reading skills.Technology is in like manner used in science education. scientific hardware such as handheld computers, thermometers, and sensors allow for out of class experimentation. Students are now able to telecollaborate with another(prenominal) students, and scientists, from places all around the world. This communication with others allows for the understand of experiments.Social studies education also includes the use of technology. Databases are used to organize information, which if done by hand could run through hours longer to accomplish. Online archives and simulations 1 are also used. One of my favorite technologies used in the social studies field is the ability for students to go on virtual fieldtrips. correspond to Ryan and Cooper (2004), these can a wealth of opportunities to extend learning(p. 192).Mathematics education also uses technology to aid students. Tutorial software can provide instruction to stude... ...in the classroom. (p. 1) This five-phase study 2 concluded with the results encouraging Grimes and Smiths (2004) supposition that dollars spent on technology professiona l development increased a teachers integration of technology into the classroom (p. 5).There are so many aspects of technology that positively affect students, teachers, and the educational system. I cant imagine my life without my own own(prenominal) uses of technology. I check my email regularly, use my graphing calculator in math class, search the World Wide nett for information, and Im using a word processor right now. I am going to school to become an elementary school teacher and I am excited to be able to use these sources of technology to help teach my students. Im sure by the time that I am a teacher, my students will be teaching me a thing or two about computers and technology. Technology and Education Essay -- Teaching Education EssaysTechnology and Education The use of technology in schools has a great effect on not only students, but teachers as well. Today, we mostly think of technology as computers, but it is much more than that. In fact, one of the first technologies used in the classroom was the chalkboard.Most students today use technology throughout their school day. Uses for technology can be found for every subject matter a student has. Some of the most widely used tools are found in the English and Language Arts classes. Writing on word processors allows students to cut-and-paste, save their work, and use spell checkers and thesauruses. With technology students are also given advantages in learning how to read. Reading programs use drill-and-practice techniques to help with reinforcing young students reading skills.Technology is also used in science education. Scientific hardware such as handheld computers, thermometers, and sensors allow for out of class experimentation. Students are now able to telecollaborate with other students, and scientists, from places all around the world. This communication with others allows for the understanding of experiments.Social studies education also includes the use of technology. Databases are used to organize information, which if done by hand could take hours longer to accomplish. Online archives and simulations 1 are also used. One of my favorite technologies used in the social studies field is the ability for students to go on virtual fieldtrips. According to Ryan and Cooper (2004), these provide a wealth of opportunities to extend learning(p. 192).Mathematics education also uses technology to aid students. Tutorial software can provide instruction to stude... ...in the classroom. (p. 1) This five-phase study 2 concluded with the results supporting Grimes and Smiths (2004) supposition that dollars spent on technology professional development increased a teachers integration of technology into the classroom (p. 5).There are so many aspects of technology that positively affect students, teachers, and the educational system. I cant imagine my life without my own personal uses of technology. I check my email regularly, use my graphin g calculator in math class, search the World Wide Web for information, and Im using a word processor right now. I am going to school to become an elementary school teacher and I am excited to be able to use these sources of technology to help teach my students. Im sure by the time that I am a teacher, my students will be teaching me a thing or two about computers and technology.

Personal Sacrifices for Career Success

A great carg atomic number 53r often means that you prepare to sacrifice. There is always a give and take that you have to go through in order to capture to where you want to go. Whether you have to work with someone you dont like because they can get you a connection, or doing a Job you dont like because you will one day get promoted to something you do, a good career requires give and take. Say the oldtimer asks you to work on a Saturday. Why would you do It? Why would you give up a day where you could sleep In, go see a word picture In the afternoon and then go out at night?You do it because working on Saturday will Impress people. It will show that you have a team first attitude that you will come In when needed to help the company. You might not enjoy working with people you dont make do all day. This especially holds true for those who dont have great hygiene or respect personal space. Why do you put up with them? Why not just tell them they smell bad and get it over with? You shut your mouth because you have to be a professional, and you have to get along in order to get ahead. Professional sacrifice is also why you dont yell and scream at people who dont do a DOD job.You dont want others to tonicity bad, but you dont want to look like you are short tempered. This doesnt help anyone, and you can get in trouble for it. Even If you are saying what others are thinking, it still requires you to restrain yourself and stay quiet. The betterment of your career is why you show up five minutes early to work. Its why you go to Buffalo for a job when you have been living in San Diego your whole life. No one wants to go across the country when it is much easier to stay where you are happy. No one wants to get to work early when we all know that work isnt fun.

Americans Eat More Than Required

According to The Journal Of the American Medical Association JAM), More than one-third of adults and 17% of callowness in the United States are obese (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, and Flea) So why do we as Americans eat more than the usual human being? From personal perspicacity I believe it is all the resources and opportunities we collapse to constantly eat. There are vending machines everywhere, food vendors everyhere, restaurants everywhere, food trucks everywhere, it is almost if our world revolved close to eating.On top of that we like to get out moneys worth, so it constantly pushes restaurants to serve more food. Know when eat I usually eat what is on my young whether its a lot or a little, tend to finish. Working in the restaurant industry I see the same. Our portions tend to be about 8 ounces of meat and another 10-12 ounces worth of sides. That is a lot of food to put down in one sitting. Most people do it though. Very a few(prenominal) people ever ask for a take out box. This paper is not about how all Americans are obese, but instead to inform the endorser that we should not be eating as much.We should be eating smaller portions and more frequently. In todays industry all the restaurants are offering healthier alternatives. McDonalds is acquiring ready to rebind itself and lean more in a healthy way. That itself should show America that we need to observe what we eat. The JAM article states, Overall, there have been no significant changes in obesity prevalence in youth or adults between 2003-2004 and 2011-2012. Obesity prevalence remains high and thus It is most-valuable to continue surveillance. (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, and Flea) It is something that if we instill in the children of America they will understand it at a young age and begin their habits right instead of overeating from a young age, Obesity and childhood obesity, in particular, are the focus of many public health efforts in the United States. (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, and Gall) To conclu de I would like to tell that I am not the ideal in shape American, but I also do not fall into the 17% of the youth that is obese.

Historical Research Essay

Soccer is regarded as the most popular sport in todays world and has been estimated to be played by more than 40 million people. Considering such high popularity, the epidemiology of soccer injury is needed to be historically researched in an extensive way. In numerous European nations, physiologic injuries received from this game take around 40% of total sports related harm ( Hawkins, Hulse, Wilkinson, Hodson, & Gibson, 2001).Using the non-parametric statistics, historical research must(prenominal) be conducted by recording the intense injuries and the symptoms in professional soccer players by studying the frequency of occurrence and injury rate during sports and practices.MATERIALS AND METHODProfessional soccer players of any team, while playing in their league, has to be studied on daily basis for bygone few years when they are engaged in their preseason time July to August and game season September to May . Other important data that is similarly required may include the ag e, experience statistical distribution and anthropometric attributes of each player.During the game activities in past years, the record of personal consultations may likewise be available where players registered any injury received in ongoing games or practices that resulted in missing the upcoming game or practice session. The remote risk elements, the active causes, the attributes, the anatomical points, and the event, whether it is practice session or echt game, of the muscular or skeletal traumas will provide crucial statistics.Any physical incident occurred during actual game or practice session that keeps a player to continue his game or practice session is called as injury. Injuries are categorized into three grades depending upon their severityMinor injury It keeps the player listless from games or practices for not more than one week.Moderate injury It keeps the player absent from game or practices for one week to one monthMajor injury It keeps player absent from game or practices for more than one month.In many previous studies, the same categorization has been done ( Hawkins, Hulse, Wilkinson, Hodson & Gibson, 2001). Injury rate is measured as injuries occurred in each thousand hours of playing this involves both practicing and actual game Note that in historical research it would be recommended to exclude the goalkeepers as various similar research studies showed they incur different rates of injuries.RESULTSBy recording a total of 100 injuries we can discover the percentage of injuries occurred during the actual game and during practice sessions. The intensity of injuries that results in absence from the game or practice can also be measured. The findings will show the rate of mild injuries, moderate injuries and major injuries as well.The anatomic point and the kind of injuries must be a focus in historical research. Studied cases may involve injuries on Spine, thorax, back, lumbar spine, Pelvis, femur, knee, tibia, ankle, foot, shoulder, e lbow, wrist, and hand injuries.Previous studies had showed that in lower extremity injuries, the knees and ankles are the most injured joints of the soccer players ( Hawkins, Hulse, Wilkinson, Hodson & Gibson, 2001).Ankle injuries are reported to be occurred about 1631 % of the all, whereas knee injuries are almost 1434%. There is a dramatic need of more historical research within the ankle and knee injuries to investigate percentages in youth and liberal players having mixed skill levels ( Peterson, Junge, Chomiak, Graf-Baumann & Dvorak, 2000).

Developing Strategic Management and Leadership

Assignment on Developing Strategic Management and Leadership Skills Unit 1 Edexcel BTEC level 2 Extended Diploma in strategic Management and Leadership (QCF) Assignment Topics AC(1. 1)Explain the link between strategic c be and drawship. AC(1. 2)Analyze the impact of charge and attractionship elans on strategic decision. AC(1. 3)Evaluate how leadership courses domiciliate be adapted to opposite situations. AC(2. 1)Review the impact that selected theories of steering and leadership have on organizational strategic. AC(2. )Create a leadership strategic that supports organizational direction AC(3. 1) usance appropriate orders to review menstruum leadership requirements. AC(3. 2)Plan for the development of future situations requiring leadership. AC(4. 1)Plan the underdeveloped of leadership dexteritys for a specific requirement. AC(4. 2)Report on the returns of methods utilize to plan the development of leadership skills. Note The Chosen Organization for the Assignment is TESCO. pic Tesco is a world(a) food market and general merc submitise retailer headquartered in Cheshunt, joined Kingdom.It is the third-largest retailer in the world measured by revenues (after Wal-Mart and Carrefour) and the secondment-largest measured by profits (after Wal-Mart). It has stores in 14 countries across Asia, Europe and North America and is the grocery market leader in the UK (where it has a market share of around 30%), Malaysia, the Republic of Ireland and Thailand. The company was founded by Jack Cohen in 1919 and opened its commencement store in 1929 in Burnt Oak, Edgware, and Middlesex. The Tesco name first appeared after Cohen purchased a shipment of tea from T. E.Stockwell and combined those initials with the first two letters of his surname. primitively a UK-focused grocery retailer, Tesco has diversified both geographic solelyy and into areas such as the retailing of books, clothing, electronics, furniture, petrol and software financial services telecoms and internet services videodisc rental and music downloads. Tesco is chosen for the assignment due to certain reasons. Tesco is one of Britains fastest-growing and most innovative retailers, recognized as one of the surpass companies to ready for in the UK. Tesco gives their employees make pass objectives and expectations.At the same meter, they alike allowed more freedom for item-by-item initiative than most other retailers, as they believe that it is ultimately this sort of personalised touch that can make all the difference to their customers. Source Tesco Website http//www. tesco. com T equal to(p) of Contents assign Topic Page AC(1. 1) Explain the link between strategic caution and leadership. 5 AC(1. 2) Analyze the impact of heed and leadership styles on strategic decision. 7 AC(1. 3) Evaluate how leadership styles can be adapted to different situations. 9 AC(2. 1) Review the impact that selected theories of management and leadership have on organizational 10 strategic. AC(2. 2) Create a leadership strategic that supports organizational direction. 13 AC(3. 1) Use appropriate methods to review current leadership requirements. 14 AC(3. 2) Plan for the development of future situations requiring leadership. 17 AC(4. 1) Plan the developing of leadership skills for a specific requirement. 19 AC(4. 2) Report on the usefulness of methods used to plan the development of leadership skills. 21 - Reference 22 - Bibliography 22 AC(1. 1) Explain the link between strategic management and leadership.To explain the link between strategic management and leadership we should have a clear understanding of what these two destinations actually mean. by and by understanding these two terms we can easily explain the link between them. Strategic Management According to Barratt and Mottershead (2000), strategy is described as the instruction of achieving our objectives. Strategy enables us to ensure that all our work and things we do both day are going to help us in the tenacious term interests of the organization. Strategic Management is the process of establishing and of importtaining practiced strategies.Making and defining strategy is non enough, you pass on have to work out a plan for implementing that strategy in its true spirit. Good strategic management is plays a key role in approaching business opportunities and challenges. Leadership There are different ship canal of describing leadership so it is actually trying to provide a single definition that fulfills the task. As Brindley and Buckley (2004) argued that, Leadership has been identified as the process by which individual and group activities are influenced towards organizational goals. The same thing is narrated in Business ManagementStudy Manual compiled by The connector of Business Executives (2007). They are of the view that, Leadership is a process by which individuals are influenced so that they will be prepared to participate in the achievement o f organizational or group goals. While Marcouse (2008) narrates that, Leadership, at its best, means inspiring staff to achieve demanding goals. All these things emphasize on one basic idea and that is Inspiration or Influence. So we can study that Leadership is the art of experienceting things done by inspiration or influence of the leader on its followers while Management primary(prenominal)ly depends on the analysis and ground realities.After all the discussion we came to the conclusion that Leadership and Strategic management are interlinked with virtually minor differences. In the case of strategic management we are trying our best to achieve some long term goals and the same is the case with leadership. In both cases we should have someone with a patient of vision either its a leader or a manager. The bottom line of all this discussion is beautifully captured by the golden quarrel of Field Marshal Slim that (quoted in Business Management Study Manual), Leadership is of the spirit, compounded of personality and vision its practice is an art.Management is more a military issue of accurate calculation, of statistics, methods, quantifytable and routine its practice is a science. AC(1. 2) Analyze the impact of management and leadership styles on strategic decisions. Leadership and Management Styles There is famous verbalise that, Change is the and steadfast thing in nature (Heller & Hindle, 2008). Similarly in our daily life things are changing rapidly and we have to take away ourselves to these changes. We cant say that we will remain in the same situation forever.We have to act according the situation. Similarly there certain ups and downs in organizations as well. So the managers and leaders gain different styles for different situation. According to Whitcomb (2000), some famous and widely recognized styles are a) Autocratic In this style large number are told what to do and how to do. They have no role in decision making. Once made, a dec ision must not be questioned. b) antiauthoritarian In this style decisions are made on the views of as many plenty as possible that are involved. ) dormant In this style people are given general directions on the tasks to be tackled and then left alone to achieve them in the way they presuppose is best. d) Charismatic In this style leader influences and motivates others because of his/her outstanding personality or character. As mentioned earlier, that these styles depend on certain situations and to be a ingenuous leader/manager you would have to adopt all of them. All these styles of management and leadership have certain impact on strategic decisions. The organizations led by Autocratic leader are basi call outy Task Oriented.According to Jenkins and Hamman (2001), the advantage of such style is that the decisions are made quickly because people k promptly where they stand. plainly the employees in such organizations are not smart to some result because they have no role in decision making. As Barratt and Mottershead (2000) is of the opinion that in Autocratic leadership the Work-force is not encouraged to think for itself, and emphasis is more on quantity than quality. While the organizations led by Democratic leaders have proved intimately because they are both Task oriented as well as Relationship oriented.But according to Barratt and Mottershead (2000) the decision making process is slow and that can be dangerous. And the organizations led by Passive style are Relationship oriented. And Marcouse (2008) is of the view that this only occurs when the manager is very busy or very lazy or has confidence on his/her team and knows what they are capable of. According to Whitcomb (2000), Charismatic style of leadership is very rare but can be very successful in the extent to which they can motivate others to do things to support them. AC(1. 3) Evaluate how leadership styles can be adopted to different situations.Leadership styles can be adopted accordi ng to the situations. For exemplification during a war a commander has to make quick decisions (Brindley and Buckley, 2004), or in the case of a natural disaster there is no time for suggestions from the people, so autocratic style will be perfect. The bottom line is that for quick decision you should alship canal go for the Autocratic style. In the case of a Research and Development Organization, employees are highly trained, skilled and professional people, so the style that best suits this situation is Laissez-faire.Because employees know what they are doing and what are their goals. And the situation that is the best candidate for Democratic style is a youth club planning for their summer camp. They will have to take suggestions from all the persons involved and then will make a decision. In this case the decision making process is slow but effective at the end of the day. AC(2. 1) Review the impact that selected theories of management and leadership have on organizational stra tegy in your chosen organization. Every single person on this earth is different.The difference whitethorn be in way of thinking, analyzing something, working or implementing something. Along the course of life human being made many theories about things around them, some of them were wrong and some proved successful. Human are called the most superior species on planet earth and this superiority is due to the fact that humans learn from their mistakes. So humans learnt a lot from their mistakes and devised new theories. In this task we are going to focus our attention on the different theories of leadership and management made during nineteenth and 20th century.Theories of management and leadership According to Morris (1999), The first-rate way of making a fool of oneself is to propose as new an approach tried and spurned by earlier generations. There are a lot of shipway of doing something, some of them have been tried before and some are not. So a successful manager always lea rns from the past experiences and tries not to repeat the mistakes. The 20th century has seen many theories of management applied to the organizations some of them are described below. a) The authorised civilize According to Morris (1999), this approach is ased on the main purpose and the structure of the organization. The organization is just like a machine, just feed the input and get the siding. The role and position of every individual is defined. People are supposed to do things as mentioned by the higher level, human feelings are irrelevant. b) Bureaucracy The main emphasis is on the performance and duties of the individuals. The duties of the all the individuals are fixed according to the area of their expertise. And like Classical School possibleness, human feelings are irrelevant. ) Systems Theory This theory was developed in 1950s and 1960s. The theory is based on the working of a typical system. It takes certain input (raw material, people) and transforms them through a process into output (organizational goals). d) Human Relations Theory This theory was developed in 1930s. The main theme of this theory is the human relations. The Association of Business Executives in Organizational style mentioned that, to understand and improve an organization, you need to understand the people who work for it. ) Contemporary Theories These theories are based upon the idea of sticking to the key functions of the organization and puts emphasis on going towards excellence. f) Contingency Theories This theory emphasizes that there is no single particular way of servening an organization. Everything is dependent on the situations through which the organization is passing by. shock on Tesco Tesco is one of the leading organizations, with a vision of providing people everything they need, under one roof at affordable price. Now we see the impact of the selected theories of management on the strategy of Tesco.The impact of Classical School theory on Tescos strateg y is a kidnapping disap bespeaking because Tesco believes in excellence with the help of its employees. So the Classical Theory is surely going to inversely affect the strategy of Tesco. The bureaucratic Theorys impact is similar to the Classic School Theory. But this approach is providing a helping hand in organizing the overall working of the Tesco. But only defining the duties of the employees and organizing them is not enough. The Tescos strategy is to run the organization in a straighten outd manner, keeping in mind the feelings of its employees.The impact of Human Relation Theory on Tescos strategy is not good enough. It should be kept in mind that this theory alone is not enough to provide any progress in long term. But the good thing about it is that it takes into account the ideas of all the employees. The Contemporary and Contingency Theories have a good impact on Tescos strategy. Both these theories are leading Tesco towards excellence. Changing the style according to t he situation and sticking to the overall performance is surely good enough for Tescos progress in long term.AC(2. 2) Create a leadership strategy that supports organizational direction in your chosen organization. We have seen the impact of different theories of management and leadership on the strategy of Tesco. And we came to the conclusion that there is no single theory that can support Tescos strategy. Everything depends on the situation of that organization in a particular time frame. So in the case of Tesco the best strategy that supports organizational direction is the Bureaucratic approach along with a flavor of Human Relation theory.The Bureaucratic approach will be helpful in achieving the organizational goals and keeping everything on track. It will also help Tesco to maintain its day-to-day budgets in require and will make some serious profits for the organization. The Human relation approach will take into account the feelings and needs of the staff and the people con nect with Tesco. It will ensure that the workforce is enjoying its time working with Tesco and take their work to perfection. This new combination will be very helpful in maintaining the discipline in the organization and will be very beneficial for the employees.So the working and the progress of Tesco will be very smooth. The people will be mindful of their position and duty in Tesco and they will be free to work out a plan for performing their duties efficiently. Although this new leadership strategy seems a bit odd to many people but if it is implemented in its true spirit, it will be very helpful. AC(3. 1) Use appropriate methods to review current leadership requirements. There are certain methods available for reviewing the leadership requirements. Some of them are listed below.Blake and Moultons Managerial power system According to Mullins (2005), Blake and Moultons Managerial grid is one of the several methods available for reviewing leadership requirements. According to t his method, all managerial and leadership styles are reviewed on the basis of two main rules. 1. engross for Results and 2. Concern for People. In the first case, manager diverts all its energy on the accomplishing of tasks in given time. This is turn inn along the horizontal axis on the grid. While in second case, employees and their needs are given importance.And this is represented along the vertical axis of the grid. Barratt and Mottershead (2000) have narrated this grid as a Matrix of managerial styles. pic Figure Blake and Moultons Managerial Grid (Source http//www. gridod. com/images/LeadershipGrid. jpg) The numbers inside the grid indicate the degree of concern of the mangers. For example managers with a rating of (9,1) practice Autocratic style because they show little concern for the employees. On the other hand, a rating of (1,9) depicts the behavior of a Democratic manager. It is also referred as Country Club management by some authors.According to my research and find ings, the management style of Tesco, on the basis of Blake and Moultons managerial grid, should be rated as (7,5). 360 Feedback According to Mullins (2005), The idea of 360 feedback involves an appraisal and feedback from different groups indoors the work situation peers and subordinates as well as bosses, and possibly internal and external customers. The main purpose of the 360 feedback is to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of an individual or an organization. It may embarrass a self-assessment questionnaire.This feedback helps in overcoming the weaknesses and exploiting the strengths of the organization. pic Figure Mulinss 360 Degree Feedback Cycle Source http//recordtracker. net/images/pic_360. gif MBO (Management by Objective) Another common approach in reviewing leadership and management styles is Management by Objectives commonly known as MBO. According to Mullins (2005, p. 249), MBO is a system of management which is aimed at relating the organizational goals to in dividual performances and development through the troth of all levels of management.While Morris (1999), is of the view that the top manager should set an overall objective, and should convey it to the lower management for completion. MBO is potentially an attractive system. It provides an opportunity for staff to accept greater responsibility and to make a higher level of personal contribution. Mullins (2005) pic Source http//leapcomp. com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/mbo-process-cycle2. gif Mc. Gregorys Theory X and Theory Y The figure defines both the theories in detail. The bottom line is that Theory X is Task oriented and Theory Y is Relationship oriented. picSource http//www. vectorstudy. com/management_theories/img/theory_x_y. gif AC(3. 2) Plan for the development of future situations requiring leadership. A good leader is always prepared for the any kind of challenge. He acts quickly and accurately according to the given situation. We can say that a good leader takes the ver acious decision at the right time. I have listed a couple of future situations here that will require a firm leadership. Conflict resoluteness You cannot stop conflicts from occurring between individuals and organizations. Sometimes these conflicts are useful and sometimes they are not.When I say useful, it means that sometimes new ideas are created from these conflicts. Or these conflicts point to a deficiency or a week point in the management of the organization. So they are helpful in pinpointing the lapses. On the other hand sometime these conflicts leave a bad impression. Whatever the reason is, conflicts should be resolved smoothly. So for the purpose of conflict resolution a leader should be there with a remedy. And it is then up to the leader to resolve that conflict in any way he likes whether by choosing Autocratic style or by Democratic style.Merger and Acquisition Another most important situation for an organization is merger or acquisition. Its a really very difficult decision. You have to be very accurate in your calculations and should have a good insight of market trends. A leader with a vision and cabalistic thinking is essential in this case. Either you are going for merger or going for acquisition, you should be able to foresee the state of your employees and organization in coming years. Recession A couple of years ago there was no concept of recession on a large scale. But now many of the worlds most popular economies are facing difficult times.Now-a-days recession has become a worst nightmare for many people around the globe. And according to the economist it is the only chance for organizations to control their budget. So for recession there should be a strong leader with a clear cut policy. This is the worst case scenario and a true test of a leadership that how it overcomes recession. Adaptation for change in technology, taste and performance Change is the unchangeable law of nature. And adaptation for change is very difficult for ce rtain organizations and it may be due to many factors.One of the key factors is that many old employees dont welcome change because they are used to work in old fashion and any change in technology, taste and performance is a bit difficult for them. So a sincere leadership is required for any change to become successful in organization, a leadership that is able to dispatch the ambiguities from the minds of all employees about the nature of the change. Natural Disaster Another very important situation that requires a leadership is a natural disaster. During the period of a natural disaster many employees and organizations are in a state of ambiguity.They are unable to perform their duties efficiently. Thats why a firm and utilise leadership is required, that is capable of overcoming the difficulties, and is capable enough to restore the confidence of the employees and organization. AC(4. 1) Plan the development of leadership skills for a specific requirement. There are certain ski lls that every leadership should have. True leaders have these skills in their genes and others adopt them during the course of their life. But one thing is certain that these skills are present in all the great leaders of the world.The possession of these qualities is not enough a good leader should be able to develop these skills and to be able to apply them in accordance with the requirement. A good leader possesses the right skills and uses them in the behavior that best suits the current situation. The main skill of a leader is its influence. A good leader always uses its influence on its followers to obtain the best results. Inspiration can bring huge changes in organizations. So a good leader should always try to develop and enhance its influence by empowering its employees. So this skill can be developed by self-help by eruditeness from mistakes.A good leader should have good communication skills. He should be able to communicate easily with his team members. Now-a-days th e world is becoming a global village and to become a good leader, one has to be able to understand the feelings of others. So a leader should practice more and more to track this skill. A good leader should always be adaptable to change. He should have a vision and he should try to introduce modern ways of getting things done. He should encourage his staff to use new technology and new techniques for their routine work. He should be confident and determined in his vision.So he should arrange seminars and workshops to convey his vision to his followers. A good leader should be unbiased he should be able to manage diversity within an organization. He should be role model for all the employees from any origin. He should be punctual and honest. Its only through his own punctuality that he can maintain discipline in the organization. A good leader should be able to communicate the policy and regulations of the organization to every single employee. And that can only happen when he first exercises them himself before communicating to others.He should be able to expand the organization in all ways possible. He should be able to appoint new staff and train the old staff according to the new technology. He should arrange training courses and other developmental activities for his company. He should also use his powers to keep the organizations on track. And most importantly he should use his power of rewarding for winning the heart of his employees. He should be a good speaker so that in any situation he is able to explain the position of organization in an effective manner.A good leader should possess good coordination skills for maintaining the integrity between different departments of the organization. Discipline should be the main thing for a leader and there should be no excuse for it. Because it is the main factor that can change the fate of the organization. A good leader should be honest and well-wisher of its people. He should stick to his commitments and pr omises. A leader should be a good listener it helps him in overcoming the weaknesses of the organization and sometimes gives him a chance to grab some new ideas as well. AC(4. ) Report on the usefulness of methods used to plan the development of leadership skills. There are certain methods that we can use to plan the development of leadership skills. One of the best methods is to call a meeting of the staff and ask about their ideas. The best method, however, is 360 feedback. It helps you in understanding your exact position in organization. Another widely used method is to gather as much information as you can about the life of great leaders. It will help you in adopting their skills and their secrets of the trade. Another way of developing leadership skills is to get familiar with your followers.It will help you in understanding their feelings and their needs, which in turn will help you in managing their needs. So we used different plans for the development of leadership skills i ncluding seminars, meetings, training courses, self-help, learning from mistakes and a lot others. All these methods are very useful to plan the development of leadership skills. Seminars and workshops are very helpful in understanding the point of view of other people. Training courses help in understanding and overcoming new challenges. These courses help organizations to implement effective ways of getting things done.They also help in creating a learning environment in an organization. Meetings should be arranged regularly this will help a leader in developing his communication and coordination skills. Another very important method is exchange visits. These are very helpful in developing leadership skills. These visits may be between different sections of the same organization or between different organizations. These are very helpful in developing the leadership skill of managing diversity. References Barratt, Mottershead. (2000), Business Studies, Italy, G. Cannale & C. S. p. A Borgano T. se Turin.Brindley, Buckley. (2004), Business Studies, A-Level Study Guide, Hants, Ashford Color Press, Gasport, Hants Pearson Education Limited. Business Management Study Manual, The Association of Business Executives. Heller, Hindle (2008), Essential Managers Manual, London A Penguin Company Marcouse, Surridge and Gillespie (2008), Business Studies for A Level, Third edition, Italy Hodder Education. Morris, M. J. (1999), The First Time Manager, 2nd Edition, London Clays Ltd, St Ives plc. Mullins, L. (2005), Management and Organizational Behaviour, 7th Edition, Essex Pearson Education Ltd.The Association of Business Executives, Organizational Behaviour Whitcomb, A. (2000), Comprehensive Business Studies, 5th Edition, Essex Pearson Education Limited. http//www. emeraldinsight. com/products/journals/journals. htm? id=sl (Accessed on 13th October, 2010) http//www. Tesco. co. uk (Accessed on 13th October, 2010) http//top7business. com/? id=2113 by Akhil Shahani (Accessed o n 20th October, 2010) Bibliography Greene, Stellman (2005), use Software Project Management, OReilly Inc. Jenkins, Hamman (2001), GCSE Business Studies, Italy Hodder and StoughtonEducational Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn (2002), Organizational Behavior, 7th Edition, USA John Wiley and Sons, Inc. http//www. ccl. org/leadership/pdf/research/LeadershipStrategy. pdf (Accessed on 13th October, 2010) http//www. emeraldinsight. com/products/journals/journals. htm? id=sl (Accessed on 13th October, 2010) http//www. nwlink. com/donclark/leader/strategy. html (Accessed on 13th October, 2010) http//www. zeromillion. com/business/leadership-strategy. html (Accessed on 13th October, 2010) http//www. businessballs. com/leadership. htm (Accessed on 20th October, 2010)

Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency Essay

Richard Nixon is one of the most controversial figures in American history. His presidency is remembered most for the Watergate scandal and his incidental re targetation besides some of his foreign policies for ever so altered American foreign diplomacy. One of the major policies that professorship Nixon was responsible for was changing the nature of the unify States dealingship with chinaware. He did this by setting into motion covert diplomatic bodily functions and cultural exchanges between the two countries. Nixons reasons for improving relationships with the Communist regime was to powerfulness the Soviet Union to be more accommodating to American demands and to also help end the war in Vietnam. An separate reason for improving relations was very personal for Richard Nixon. He wanted to show his power as an international statesman to the world and American public. American/Chinese relations for numerous years were friendly and involved the trade of goods and ideas. Am erican missionaries had gone to chinaware to build churches and hospitals. The two countries were consort against the Japanese during World War II. After the war ended the unify States was not an ally of China as a whole precisely one political meeting, the Kuomintang.The Kuomintang, led by Chang Kai Shek, were in battled in a civil war with the Chinese communists who would up to nowtually win out. Chang Kai Shek would take his organization to the island of Taiwan. After the civil war, the coupled States only recognized Changs majority rule of China and kept the Peoples Republic of China, led by Mao Ze-Dong, out of the linked Nations and other international bodies. This led to an isolation of China by a majority of the international community. The only diplomatic relations the United States had with China were through intermediary countries. While relations with the United States were sour, the Chinese relationship with the Soviet Union had quickly deteriorated. Both China and the Soviet Union were communist countries but their ideologies were very different. Their relationship slowly became strained and some(prenominal) countries started to build up soldiery along their common border through the 1960s.After the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia and released the Brezhnev Doctrine, which stated that the Kremlin had the right to correct deviationism in other communist countries by military intervention, the Chinese no longer considered the Soviet Union as an ally. This led to violent border clashes between the two countries in March 1969. By the end of 1969 the Soviet Union had over a million troops stationed along the Soviet/Chinese border and missiles aimed at major Chinese cities. The year before, a former republican vice-president from California, Richard Nixon, was elected president. He had dedicate a name for him self in Congress as a leading anti-communist and he went on to serve as vice-president under Dwight D Eisenhower. Even before he w as elected president, Nixon had expressed interest in initiation up relations with China despite his previous negative views of communism.In 1967 he wrote an article for orthogonal Affairs magazine where he stated We obviously cannot afford to leave China forever outside the family of nations, there to nurture its fantasies, cherish its hates and threaten its neighbors. There is no ordain on this small artificial satellite for a billion of its potentially most able people to live in angry isolation. After his election as President Richard Nixon decided to view as China one of the primary focuses of his foreign policy. One of his primary reasons for doing this was to gain an upper mass in the now 20-year-old Cold War with the Soviet Union. The Soviets had interpreted over several Eastern European countries and turned them into communist states in an attempt to show the world the successes of Communism. Also by the late 1960s the United States was no longer confident that it c ould win a war with the Soviet Union since they had had the two decades since the Second World War to regain it military strength. This inevitable the United States to create to change strategies in dealing with the Soviet Union. They now had to shift their focus to gaining China as an ally.The State Department in the summer of 1969 began to announce various unilateral gestures of reconciliation. Many restrictions on travel and trade were lifted. This would become know as Ping Pong diplomacy. It was so named after the United States ping-pong team was invited to the Chinese capital in April of 1971. During their check the group was treated as though they were dignitaries or royalty. They played matches against the Chinese team but also visited important landmarks through out China. The American delegation was accompanied by members of the press and was tight watched by the American public. At a fete for the visiting Americans, Chou En-Lai, the Chinese Premier told the group, Ex changes between our two countries have been cut off for a long time but now, with your acceptance of our invitation, you have opened a new page in the relations of the Chinese and American people. While the American ping-pong players were the talk of the media, behind the scenes Nixon was putting into action his plan to improve relations with China.He did this by employing his National Security Advisor, Henry Kissinger, to make covert communications with the Chinese government. Before the Ping-Pong players had ever set foot in China and at the solution of his presidency Nixon had Kissinger prepare a study on the feasibility of improving American/Chinese relations. Originally Kissinger was hesitant virtually the idea of talks with China even being quoted as saying this crazy guy really does want to anneal relations with China. But even Kissinger knew that an alliance between the United States and China could shift the global political powers more in favor of the United States and onward from communism and the Soviet Union. One of the biggest roadblocks to improving relations with China was the issue of Taiwan. Since the Chinese civil war ended the United States had only recognized the government of the Republic of China on the island of Taiwan.So even as Nixon is trying to improve relations with communist China there is still the issue that the United States does not officially recognize the Peoples Republic of China as a ordered government. To ease some of Chinas concerns, Nixon instructs his politics to terminate navel patrols in the Straight of Taiwan. Also in a radio address that Nixon gave on February 25, 1971 regarding his congressional foreign policy report he reiterated both his intention to protect Taiwan but open up talks with China. We will search for consecutive discussions with Communist China while maintaining our excuse commitment to Taiwan. When the Government of the Peoples Republic of China is ready to engage in talks, it will find us r eceptive to agreements that further the legitimate national interests of China and its neighbors.A visit to China was next on Nixons foreign policy agenda. He announced his intentions in 1970, taking more of the world by surprise especially the Soviet Union. He negotiated this visit first by secretly sending Henry Kissinger to Beijing in July of 1971. Kissinger made this covert trip by faking illness on a diplomatic visit to Pakistan and flying to China to convey Nixons intention to Premier cabbage En-Lai. It was decided that President Nixon would visit the following year. On February 21, 1972, Richard Nixon became the first United States President to visit China.The following impartweek would become known as the week that changed the world. President Nixon would only meet with an ailing Mao Ze-dong one time during his visit but it would set in motion events that would lead to United States course credit of Maos government and an end to the Cold War. The visit ended with both countries issuing the Shanghai Communiqu. In this document both countries pledged to work towards normalization of relations. The United States also agreed to remove military forces from Taiwan. Shortly after the delegations return from their visit to China, Richard Nixon tasked Henry Kissinger with negotiating arms treaties with the Soviet Union. With the well-publicized visit closely watched by the Soviets the United States now had more bargaining power. In 1972, Kissinger negotiated the Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. The two Cold-War super powers agreed that they would begin limiting missiles, nuclear arms, and rake systems. With his relative success in negotiating deals with both China and the Soviet Union, Richard Nixon was hopeful that he would have the same success in negotiating a deal with wedlock Vietnam to end the Vietnam War.Going into his re-election campaign in 1972 the United States had been at war in Vietnam for 12 years, over 50,000 had been killed, and billion s of dollars had been spent. His first major policy regarding Vietnam that Nixon put into place was the Nixon Doctrine. The Doctrine had three major tenants. First, the United States would honor all of its pact agreements. Secondly, the United States would provide a shield if a nuclear power be an ally or a country the United States deemed to be vital to its national security. And, lastly, the United States would provide military and economic aid to countries under treaty agreements, but the requesting nation would be expected to bear primary responsibility to provide the manpower for its own defense. The Nixon Doctrine led to the withdrawal of ground troops from Vietnam and training the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) in defense of their own country.Nixon had also hoped that his new treaties with China would help to isolate the North Vietnamese and convince them to sign a peace treaty. In 1973, a cease-fire was negotiated at the Paris Peace Accords and ended Unite d States involvement in Vietnam. However this did not burst the spread of communism to south Vietnam. Nixons improved relations with China were largely unsuccessful in there being a positive endurance of the Vietnam War. While the entire episode of the Vietnam War was seen as a blemish on Richard Nixons Presidency he was still very concerned about his image not only among the American public but on the world stage as well. He wanted to use his visit to China to draw attention to his expertise as a global statesman. Among the people that accompanied Nixon on his trip to China was White House Chief of ply Bob Haldeman.While Nixon was meeting mostly with Chinese Premier chow chow and negotiating agreements, Haldeman and Nixons wife Pat toured factories and schools throughout China. Mrs. Nixon was followed by a large group of press. Bob Haldeman was in charge of making their visit look very positive to the American public. Margaret MacMillan writes in her book Nixon in China, The im ages flowed top to the United States, targeted for prime-time change surface television. It was a presidential election year at home and Haldeman wanted to make sure that Nixon shone out as the great leader and statesman. From the very beginning of his Presidency Richard Nixon always wanted to be seen in a positive light especially his portrayal in the media. He tasked members of his staff with combating any negative comments said about him and manage any news about him. He bordered on obsessive when it came to public image.His first week in contribution he formed a task called the Five Oclock group that was responsible for monitoring television programs for any negative comments about the President or his administration and defending them. With the Vietnam War and the protests to the end the war at the top of most news stories, Nixon needed to do something to get his name back in the limelight. Many believe that this a major factor for his motivation to reach out to China and hi s subsequent visit. During his time in China he made sure the entire trip was highly publicized. He did numerous photo opportunities at such places like the Great Wall and the Forbidden City. The receipt his visit received by the American public was very positive. This was their first view into the isolated nation in over 20 years. This view, however, was a carefully scripted play put on by the Chinese government. This was their attempt to show a New China, not one that was still suffering from the isolationist policies of the Cultural Revolution.The Chinese officials responsible for showing China in a positive way had people picnicking outside of factories in the bitter cold earreach to revolutionary music and then collected the radios they were listening to after the delegation left. These inconsistencies were noticed by a Canadian member of the press to which Premier Zhou had to quietly admit that this was wrong of them to do. But the idea of a New China would only help Presid ent Nixon portray to the world that America and China, even with such opposite political views, could come to an understanding. His visit took the entire worlds view off of Vietnam and on to him personally while he visited China. Kissinger had pled with President Nixon to not make his trip to China a media circus because of the impact it would have internationally with Americas allies and enemies.International reaction to the visit was mixed. The United States allies were mostly disappointed that they had been kept in the dark about the new relations. The British felt particularly offended that they were not informed before hand about the dealings going on between the Americans and the Chinese. Even with the somewhat cool reception in the international community about Richard Nixons visit to China it was still one of the most significant moments in United States foreign policy during the Cold War.Henry Kissinger wrote in his memoir On China, The reward for Sino-American rapprochem ent would not be a state of perpetual friendship or a harmony of values, but a rebalancing of the global equilibrium. Richard Nixon helped to accomplish this by improving relations with China in an effort to change the American relationship with the Soviet Union and end the Vietnam War. While his intentions were for both personal and pro gain, either way his foreign policies remain at the top of his successes as President. Nixons presidency is mostly remembered of one wrought with corruption and following the Watergate scandal, he is still the only United States President to resign from office. He became known as politician that would use any means necessary to accomplish his goals but this also led to his downfall.BIBLIOGRAPHYBundy, William. A Tangled Web The making of Foreign Policy in the NixonPresidency. New York, 1989.Chang, Gordon H.. Friends and enemies the United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972. Stanford, Calif. Stanford University Press, 1990.Devoss, David A . Ping-Pong Diplomacy. Smithsonian . 33. no. 1 2002Keilers, John G. U.S. Army Military History Institute, Nixon Doctrine and Vietnamization. Last modified 2007. Accessed November 14, 2012. http//www.army.mil/article/3867/Nixon_Doctrine_and_Vietnamization/.Kissinger, Henry On China. New York Penguin Press, 2011. Print.MacMillan, Margaret. Nixon in China the week that changed the world. Toronto Viking Canada, 2006.Nixon, Richard. moth miller Center, Radio Address About Second Annual Foreign Policy Report to the Congress . Last modified 1971. Accessed November 14, 2012. http//millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3875.Nixon, Richard M. Asia After Viet Nam. Foreign Affairs, October 1967. http//www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/23927/richard-m-nixon/asia-after-viet-nam (accessed October 18, 2012)Small, Melvin. The presidency of Richard Nixon. Lawrence University Press of Kansas, 1999.Walker, Anne Collins, John Eastman, and Elizabeth C Eastman. China calls paving the way for Nixons hi storic journey to China. Lanham, Md. Madison Books , 1992.

Descriptive paragraphs

A teachers way of teaching and leading can have a material impact on the emotional and mental development of his or her scholarly persons. As I step into my math class, I see eight students lining up in a row with their hands out in front of them. Mercilessly, the teacher swings his oarlock at their hands, counting from one to ten. Each time the stick beats down, I can feel as if a nail is hammered into my eardrums. My heart continues to pound as some of the students cries. The mad teacher finishes up with his beatings and yells out, Getting 50% and under is unacceptableThe sudden scream from the teacher scares me as my hands squeeze together. l am calling each and all single of your parents and letting them know the shame you brought to my class, he shouts. The day ends with me lying on my bed trying to fall asleep as the crying of my classmates haunts my virtuoso making me uncomfortable. After two hours, I am finally able to get some sleep. Next morning, I feel pain from the b eatings slowly focus on on my legs as I suddenly wake up. The dorm supervisory program wakes us up with his rod at 630 in the morning. eyepatch I fold my bed and brush my teeth, the supervisor rushes us and shouts, Hurry upLazy bums We sloppily get ready and Jog to the main schooling building. Terrified, I step into the classroom and notice that a quarter of the class didnt show up. I arrest for the teacher, convincing myself that it wont be the teacher from yesterday. I wait patiently as I hear footsteps approaching the classroom and suddenly, everyone scratch chattering. The same teacher walks in. He glared at us with his angry face acquiring ready to force his lesson on us. The teacher concludes his lousy lecture and five pages of homework. I take out my notebook and start tackling the questions.A student pproaches the infuriated teacher asking for help. miou dont even know how to solve this? He questions as if he were talking to a three year old. Why are you even in my cla ss? he mocked. l suggest you go back and learn one plus one. The teacher sends the student away in embarrassment as he returns to his corner. Please dont let any of this happen to me, I pray. The bell rang. I rush outside of the prison and finally was able to relax my muscles. The supervisor picks us up and walks us toward the cafeteria. I had no stomach for food, after all the nasty events that I have witnessed already.I chew on some dry out bread as if my life is hopeless. I head outside my classroom, looking at the grim towers of my school. I took a breath of the smoky air as I mentally prepare myself for my next class. With my next class in session, the grumpy teacher walks around scanning us while we write our quiz. on that point is a lot of pressure because of the thought of getting beaten that lies within my mind. My hands shake as I try to solve these complex questions. The peril of me even making one mistake me tremble as I let go of my paper into the pile. I wipe off t he sweat on my forehead and wait for my quiz mark.With my fingers crossed, the marking is finished. The look on the teachers face isnt friendly as he walks up to the front of the room. He announces, The following student get to the front desk and put your hands out, Sam, Tom, John, Sarah, Jack He continues as I beg that he would not call my name. Ethan, Justin, and Tony, he ends. My heart stops as I think to myself, its over. I toddle back to the dorm with my hand dreadfully bruised. I lay on my bed thinking nigh my home and my parents . Tears sta rt rolling down my cheeks as the day ends, along with what little desire I had left to stay.

Judaism and the Chosen People of God Essay

Judaism is one of the first monotheistic religions currently surviving. It followers, the Jews, believe that there is only one god who is Almighty and Everlasting. Inscribed in the Torah is the name of beau ideal, with quaternion consonants and no vowels. They have high respect for the Lord that they consider his name too holy to be pronounced (Buchanan and Halliwell, 2008). In their daily conversations and prayers, the Jews use different words pertaining to divinity. Every mean solar day speech include the Holy One and Blessed be He while prayers include Adonal, or the Lord, and s home baser Yisrael, or Israels guardian.These examine how the Jewish perception of the Lord, as seen in the book of Genesis where the stories of the Patriarchs are create verbally (Buchanan and Halliwell, 2008). The Jewish understanding towards their relationship with the Lord the worship is in compliance to their Covenant. God gives His promise to be their God who guides and protects them, while r equiring them to follow the Mitzvot or His commandments. God chose the Jews as His chosen people. This is not because He favors them with privileges, but because He enable them with a responsibility of being the priest people.It is actually a difficult task and the literal translation of the word Israel is one who struggles with God (Buchanan and Halliwell, 2008). One of their around basic beliefs is that they have the responsibility to worship God and recite prayers, which is resounded Tefillah. They should also express their gratitude and thanks to the Lord for his love and greatness, which is shown through the Amidah or the prayer of18 blessings in praise of God recited while standing. They also see themselves to have the task of responding to God through both repentance and search of social justice (Buchanan and Halliwell, 2008). story of Key Sacred Texts The Torah, or Law, is the commandment given by God to His chosen people. It was originally pertained to the Ten Commandme nts, and eventually became the Pentateuch. The Torah is the most important text in the Jewish ghostly life, as it contains the revelation from God. It is Gods gift to His people given to Moses at Mount Sinai. However, the original texts given by God to Moses did not survive the raid of Jerusalem during 6 BC. Also destroyed were the other Scriptures written by different Prophets, with high relevance to the Jewish faith. hardly after the release of Israel from Babylon in 5 BC, the Prophet Ezra revived the accounts on the life of the Patriarchs and the tarradiddle of Gods chosen people. And between 4 and 2 BC, other authors wrote down the different Scriptures of other Prophets that existed long before. Prophet Jonah, who lived during the 8th century BC, was erect to have his scriptures written during this period while the Psalms were written after five centuries. The sources of these authors are however un cognize (Mirza, . Ten Commandments The Ten Commandments contain the fundament al laws that God requires His people to abide.These state the different religious and chaste obligations of men, revealing Gods will on mans duties to Him and to the rest of His creation. Gods commandments are written in the Pentateuch twice, as it is found both in the Books of Exodus and Deuteronomy. God himself carved the words on two stone tablets as sacred texts hand to Moses (Bellaflore, 2007). The Ten Commandments are Gods covenant with the Israelites. The first three laws concern mans relationship with God, as it states what mans responsibilities are to his Lord.While the remaining septenary laws are about how man should live with others, as they should not transgress each others rights as human beings and equal children of God. The first commandments straightaway state that there is only one God, the monotheistic notion of an Almighty Creator. The people should not worship other Gods, and therefore should not commit reverence and other forms of polytheistic practices. Th e other two commandments teach the people to not commit blasphemy, or take the name of the Lord in vain, and to always proceed the Sabbath day.The rest relates the basic commandment that one must not wrong his neighbor, that he must not commit murder, adultery, thievery, and bear false witness. Children are also expected by God to always honor their parents (Bellaflore, 2007). Jerusalem This city is the most important city to the Jews. Upon their migration to the Palestine, many a(prenominal) other tribes and populations have already work area and cities have already risen. King David seized one of the cities in 1005 BCE and converted it into his capital city Jerusalem. This is where both religious and political affairs were concentrated, where the Temple of God was built.But the Temple and most of its contents perished during the conquest of the city by other empires. The Romans destroyed the last Temple and only a single jetty survived until today. It is now known as the Waili ng Wall and is one of the holiest Jewish places both in Jerusalem and the entire world (Imhoof, 2008). The Nation of Israel The State of Israel is a country found in southwestern Asia established on May 14, 1948 with David Ben Gurion as its first prime minister. The land was formerly part of Palestine conquered British, and was handed to the Jews and marked the success of the Zionism movement.This movement campaigned for providing the Jews their own place at the land of their ancestors. As sanctioned by the United Nations, this sovereign nation was created and gave home to many Jews from all over the world. But because displaced Palestinians formerly occupy Israel, there rose an Arab-Israeli conflict. The Muslims protested against the handing of the land to the Jews while the Arabs were left landless (Davison 375 Grobman, no page Israel, no page). several(predicate) Sects of Judaism There were numerous Jewish sects during the first century AD, each primarily in search of the messia h.To them, the messiah is both a religious and political attraction who would save them from Roman captivity. These sects include the Pharisees, the Zealots, the Sadducees, the Essenes, and even the Christians. In 70 CE, the Second Temple of Jerusalem was destroyed along with these sects. However, Christianity survived this disaster and separated itself from Judaism as a different religion. The Pharisees, on the other hand, is now the remaining form of Judaism called Rabbinic Judaism (Jewish sects and denominations, no date).A fraction of the Jewish population of the 8th century rejected the oral law included in the Mishnah as followed by the Pharisees, as done by the Sadducees. But eventually, they themselves developed their unique oral traditions that greatly vary from those of the Rabbinic Jews. They are called the Karaite sect, and are still in existence but in a less population number (Jewish sects and denominations, no date). The final solution The Holocaust is also known as the Shoah in Hebrew, or the destruction of the Jewish people by Nazi Germany.During the German conquest of Europe, an approximately six one thousand million Jews died as they were systematically killed by the fascist and anti-Semite regime of Hitler. The casualties represent the destruction of two-thirds of the entire population of Jews in Europe and one-third of the world. They were deliberately and methodically exterminated through the gas chamber, the crematory ovens, forced labor, hunger, and poor sanitary conditions. This is Hitlers plan as his answer and Final Solution to the Jewish challenge (History of the Holocaust An Introduction, 2008).Sacred Practices and/or Holidays Two of the most important Jewish holidays are the Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Rosh Hashanah is known as the Jewish New Year while Yom Kippur is known as the Day of Atonement. Both of these holidays are expression of the Jewish belief on the judgment of God and that they need to both repent and forgive. Yom Kippur is an entire day where Jews contemplate and reflect, making amends to their sins, and ask God for His forgiveness by fasting (Buchanan and Halliwell, 2008). Customs and practices of the Jews include circumcising the boys during their eighth day.When the boy reaches age 13, he takes intimacy in a ceremonial rite where he becomes bar mitzvah. From here on, he is considered an adult who will take on his religious responsibilities. Other religious congregations perform a similar ceremony for girls of age 12, called the bat mitzvah. Jews also recite different kinds of prayers in the morning, afternoon and evening. They perform these either at home or the synagogue. Once every week, the Jews celebrate the holy day of Sabbath, from Friday sundown until Saturday sundown.They also observe strict dietary laws called the Kosher and their spiritual leader is called the rabbi (Grobman, no page Wenner, no page). Judaism Today Due to the constant changes in human life, there is a trem endous technological advancement in the modern world, hint people to adapt. These changes bring about questions on the Jewish laws, and whether they should be retained. It is therefore the responsibility of the spiritual leaders to adapt and reinterpret the Jewish laws according to the call of times.In our modern world, there are three main divisions among the Jews the Orthodox, the Conservative, and the Reform Jews. Orthodox Jews are still abiding by the strictest Jewish laws, and are control within tradition. The conservative Jews consider the orthodox Jews as too Jewish while they do not consider reform Jews as practicing Judaism. Reform Jews, on the other hand, are very liberal and recognizes their religion as progressive. (Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, 2008).ReferencesBuchanan, J. , and Halliwell, K. (2008). Judaism. Slamnet. Retrieved March 5, 2008 from http//www.slamnet. org. uk/re/judaism. htm. Bellaflore, M. L. (2007). The Ten Commandments. New Advent. Retrieved March 5, 2008 from http//www. newadvent. org/cathen/04153a. htm. Davison, Michael Worth. When, Where, Why, and How it Happened. London Readers behave Association Far East Limited, 1993. Grobman, Gary M. Who are the Jews. 1990. Remember. Retrieved 25 February 2008 from http//www. remember. org/guide/Facts. root. whoare. html History of the Holocaust An Introduction. 2008. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved March 5, 2008 from http//www. jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/history. html. Imhoof, D. Judaism. February 23, 2008. Susquehanna University. Retrieved March 5, 2008 http//www. susqu. edu/history/medtrav/jerusalem/jewish. htm. Israel. 2007. Information Please Database. Retrieved 25 February 2008 from http//www. infoplease. com/ipa/A0107652. html. Judaism. One Little Angel. Retrieved March 5, 2008 from http//www. onelittleangel. com/wisdom/quotes/judaism. asp? level=4. Mirza, M. History of the Torah. Ummah. Retrieved March 5, 2008 from http//www. ummah. net/what-is-islam/s criptur/scriptt. htm

The Big Switch

The president of our club has brought to our attention that he would appreciate it if our segment could create a innovative information system for our smart set. The current information system that we use is Microsoft transcend and we need to create a way to transfer and implement the new office system of Microsoft rile. We need to explain the current downsides to apply Microsoft Excel and explain the positive ways by using Microsoft opening that will help our company grow, expand, and be more than efficient to our company.We also need to come up with softw atomic number 18 that is compatible to Microsoft Access just to have a contingency plan, in case the president is not pleased with the results we look for and to help improve the internal communications along with help make the weeflow of the sales department improve. We do know that the current plan is not working for our company and we need to all work diligently to improve our current system and make the transition e asy. Microsoft office is a great bill and Excel, when used properly, is a valuable asset. The problem with Microsoft Excel is that there are various manual inputs that flush toilet go wrong.Other common problems that tin cause an error involve not using a colon to indicate a range of cells, forgetting to close your parentheses, and adding common formats as part of the formula (Murray, 2013). The formulas that Excel uses would be complicated to track everything. (Murray, 2013) It is also very difficult to track the history of changes that our company uses has it moves forward. This would not notwithstanding hinder the company but could possibly cause miscommunication of the data inputted. (Murray, 2013) These reasons stated above are why the company should not use the Excel program to move forward in the cash advance of the company.With Access, it is a relational database association that exists between the tables, which stores the data. These help to maintain the integrity of t he data contained within. Access can store tons of data in different forms and yet still intertwine for easy referencing and analyzing. (Microsoft, 2013) Access is also great for the business since it has the ability to manage contacts, track inventory, track orders, and events. (Microsoft, 2013)One great bluster about Access is that multiple users can have it opened working on the said(prenominal) database and only what the other person is working on is locked. Microsoft, 2013) This allows several people to input their data at the same time and it is secure. Conclusion As one can see there are far more advantages using Microsoft Access verses using Microsoft Excel. Access is more suited for our companys needs now. using Access will cut down on our companys mistakes. This will utilize and maximize our companys growth. This will increase the employee production. In the long run, Access will make the companys bottom line profit grow, which at the end of the day is the most importan t thing.

Chronology in ‘A Rose for Emily’

William Faulkner shares into account the ever-complicated concept of time in A move up for Emily. It is a manifestation his contemplation on the nature of time. It lacks a standard chronology. Faulkner ensnare almost threesome quarters of century in a few page baloney. He does it superbly by avoiding a proper chronological order.Faulkner skillfully put the story up to demonstrate the indefinable and intangible point of reference of time. He constructs it in such a subtle manner that it is hard to detect any chronological order of the spell. Time does not flow in a bilinear direction scarcely take a circular direction with the progress of story.Fault consciously or unconsciously does not concern himself with precise dates. A handful of explicit dates are cited in the story. But these indications reveal as plenty of data about the linear chronology of the vents. For example, it is quite clear that remittance of Emilys taxes by Colonel Sartoris takes place in 1894.It is furth er provided that he is dead for the last ten years and this the time Emily meets the new aldermen. Story further discloses that Emily died at 74. This hint capacitates us to construct a linear chronology of the events.The linear sequence of events in Emilys breeding is as follow surgical incision 4 illustrates her birth during civil war. Section 2 describes a colligation ride with her father in an old wagon.Her father dies. Homer Barron appears on the scene and an amorous affairs starts with Emily in section 3. She purchases male lavatory set and outfits for him in section 4. We are again forced to revert back to section 3 when town people degrade him and reverted back and summon her cousin. Section 4 is marked with the arrival of cousins and departure of Homer from the town.He returns back after the exit of her cousins. We again flake out back to section 3 where Emily purchase poison from a local vendor and Homer disappears in the next section. Section 2 illustrate stink from h er house indicating his death and four aldermen are shown defamation water on her grave. Faulkner has used a novel narrative technique as story starts with Emilys funeral (the end) and concludes with the finding of Homers rotten dead body.Faulkners concept of time and its effective employment does not weaken the story but it is the most obvious strength of its plot, construction and thematic expressions. Although show of time in this manner is mostly related is subject to philosophical orientation of the author but it had deep impact on the plot.He merges past into present and present into past and this feature of the story captivates the lector. Faulkner gives the story a chronology, but as with so many of his stories, we have to sort it out (McGlynn 461) Furthermore, it hinders the formulation of readers judgment about Emily till the end.The effects of this non-linear chronology on the story are beautifully summed up by McGlynn (1969). He says that A chronology of A Rose for E mily is useful for at least two reasons it makes the plot more easily comprehensible, and it helps clarify the function of time in the story (461).By evading a clear and linear chronological order of events, Faulkner attempts to provide his reader a riddle comprised of various bits. However, he provides clues to facilitate this puzzle-solving. The agent behind this exercise seems to involve his reader more deeply in the story.ReferencesFaulkner, William. A rose for Emily. capital of Ohio Merrill. 1970.McGlynn, Paul D. William Faulkner An Interpretation The Chronology of A Rose for Emily, Studies in Short Fiction. 6. 1969.

Compare and Contrast a Life Raft, an Island, and Earth Essay

Survival is a key part of living in which humans have been attending to throughout our entire existence. As time progresses, technology and knowledge non only increases but also improves. Eventu all(prenominal)y, we develop to the point where our educational system has an important and crucial question where the students are asked to compare and contrast a life stool with necessity supplies in it, a moderately sized island, and humankind itself. The three subjects have a fall of similarities and contrasts however, some are obviously more important than others.Read AlsoTopics for a Compare and air EssayThere are quite a few similarities between a life raft, an island, and Earth, all of which are just as obvious as the differences. Each of the three can carry things in them. The Earth and an island work many different things on their land, including us humans. A life raft can, and is meant to, hold things such as emergency supplies or people in it. More obviously, each of the three is in a solid state of matter. Also, each of them has its let gravitational pull or influence. Earth has its own gravitational pull so naturally, things that are located on Earth are influenced and affected by gravity. Lastly, each of them (can) support life. Earth, itself, is supporting life for a huge number of organisms and beings at this very moment. An island supports not only a number of plants, but also some animals and other organisms as well. A life raft, or life boat, is meant to help people safely distance themselves from a larger ship or boat disaster. Because a life raft has emergency supplies, it will support human life until they candidacy out.With similarities, there are also differences within the life raft, island, and Earth. While Earth and the island is an ecosystem supporting a huge and diverse number of species and organisms, a life raft is merely just a lifeless boat. The island and Earth are also part of each other, while the life raft is more of a n object that is utilize by humans. The island isliterally a part of Earth, they are one thing. However, the life raft is not a part of Earth its more like a Third Party Program that is utilise along with the main server or program. This also leads to the fact that the life raft is man-made, rather than being organic like Earth or an island. Obviously, we humans did not create Earth. And in normal circumstances, humans also do not create islands.Comparing and contrasting a life raft with emergency supplies, a moderately sized island, and Earth is truly a random and odd thing to do. However, doing so would prove that everything has at least a similarity and difference. Where there is a similarity, there is also a difference. It could be an obvious and blatantly clear similarity or difference, or it could also be a well and critically thought comparison. In conclusion, the man-made life raft seems to be the center of difference and the background character of similarities.

Thesis: Violence and Mass Communication

make of Exposure to Media force play to the Psychological Development of the steep take Students of Bulacan al mavinege University- research lab richly trail A Thesis Proposal Presented to Ms. Marjorie Miguel College of liberal arts and garner Bulacan stir University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for conversation Arts II For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in upsurge conference study in Broadcasting By Calara, Jerica Mae S. P. Mendoza, Justine Mary Robert A. Navalta, Erl Chak S. J. Panti, Jeaneth D. P. Villalon, Maria Neren E. show 2012 BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY College of Arts and earnSchool Year 2011 blemish 22, 2012 Faculty of the College of Arts and letter College of Arts and Letters Bulacan assert University Malolos Bulacan To whom it whitethorn concern Greetings We, the Insiders from the freshmen of BA Mass Communication Major in broadcasting, ar presenting our thesis marriage proposal entit take effect of Exposure to Media vehemence to the Ps ychological Development of the uplifted School Students of Bulacan State University- research laboratory High School, writ go by Jerica Mae S. P. Calara, Justine Mary Robert A. Mendoza, Erl Chak S. J. Navalta, Jeaneth D. P. Panti, and Ma. Neren E.Villalon, manoeuver and mentored by the Communication Arts II professor, Ms. Marjorie Miguel. This contains all the relevant nurture to the highest degree media abandon and its set up in the psychological pausement of an individual, particularly, the high practice instruction students of Bulacan State University. Rest assured that all the information contained in this proposal be true and reliable to best of our knowledge and beliefs. Yours truly, __________________ Ma. Neren E. Villalon researcher ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to thank the Almighty Father for the blessing of wisdom, patience, and hardwork.We provide forever offer all our sacrifices and efforts to Him and without Him, this would never be achievable. To our res earch adviser and mentor, Ms. Marjorie Miguel, we thank you for your guidance and grounds throughout the second semester, for you have taught us non provided the lessons we need to learn in the naturalize, besides also the life lessons we have al fashions needed. It is an honor to have you as our adviser. To our loving section, BAMC-1A, this research topic served as our stepping st wiz in achieving success. Behind the ideas and lessons we put in argon also values that we should modernise as future media practiti iodiners of our generation.There argon three to a extensiveer extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than long time ahead of us, and we hope to have a fruitful future ahead of us. Congratulations for finishing the first chapter of college life. To our family, your support and love forget be cherished forever, for without you, we would never achieve every(prenominal)thing we have now. A hypocrite works hardly for himself, a humankind works for the benefit of former(a) s A intelligent man works for the Lord ABSTRACT Title Effects of Exposure to Media Violence to the Psychological Development of the High School Students of Bulacan State University- Laboratory High School Researchers Calara, Jerica MaeMendoza, Justine Mary Robert Navalta, Erl Chak S. J. Panti, Jeaneth D. P. Villalon, Maria Neren E. Research Adviser Ms. Marjorie Miguel Due to the evolution of the fast-paced world, a more pictural military unit is exhibited in media, which disadvantageously impressed the psychological development of the small fryren and adoles cents, causing them to acquire a more distinct and fast-growing(a) expression towards other people. OBJECTIVE In this research, the group aims to provide sufficient information to educate people well-nigh the harms of exposure to media power to the psychological development of an individual.This would only be possible if people would true(a)ly understand how important it is to elapse their children properly. Furthermore , the researchers would like to promote a child-friendly media that would mold children into plenteous and chastely-shaped professionals in the future. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 C everyplace Letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 CHAPTER 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Statement of the occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Scope and Delimitation of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Definition of toll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 CHAPTER 2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Review of Related Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Review of Related belles-lettres Local Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Foreign Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Review of Related StudiesLocal Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Foreign Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Hypotheses of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 CHAPTER 3 Methods and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Appendices Questionnaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Experts Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Interview Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Curriculum Vitae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS background INTRODUCTION Violence is never new to the society, and it is constantly alarming beca practise it greatly affects the development of a child.Whenever a person manifests any form of craze to a child, he obeys it in such a way that they forecast it is right, causing him to commit callownessful crime. According to the Department of Social Welfare and Development (D SWD), on that point are more than 2,600 fresh delinquency cases inform in 2009. A year later, the number bring down to 1,200. However, DSWD claims that in that respect are still some unreport cases in the country (Diaz, 2011). Statistics on crime incidents from the Filipino National Police from January to sumptuous 2011 showed that crimes act by children account for only 2. % (or 3,856) of the 176,703 reported crimes, as against the simpleness 172,847 committed by adults. It goes to show that many children committed crime and had exhibited self-assertive and proscribe fashion towards people, and ane of the causes of this inexcusable appearance is exposure to abandon. Ten things every juvenile court judge should know about trauma and delinquency. The majority of younker who develop a pattern of delinquent behaviors and grow subsequent juvenile court involvement have faced both serious adversities and traumatic experiences.Research continues to show that most youth w ho are detained in juvenile detention centers have been clear to both community and family delirium and many have been threatened with, or been the direct target of, such power (Abram et al. , 2004 Wiig, Widom, & Tuell, 2003). Studies also demonstrate that youth who have multiple exposures to fierceness or victimization are at higher risk for intellectual health problems, behavioral problems, substance abuse, and delinquent behaviors (Ford, Chapman, Hawke, & Albert, 2007 Ford, Elhai, Connor, & Frueh, in press Saunders, Williams, Smith, & Hanson, 2005 Tuell, 2008). Any form of violence gravely deteriorates the psychological benefit of a child. That is why it is noted that the main(prenominal) focus in on genius of the factors that affects the psychological development of an individual, and that is media violence. Exposure to any form of violence may contri excepte to the behavioral patterns of festering individuals especially to those who have witnessed it throughout their lives, which is now possible with tv set set receiver as the fastest portal of culture and violence. According to some, you are what you look into when it comes to violence in the media and its influence on cutthroat behavior in young people.The research published in February 2009 in the Journal of Youth and Adolescence, shows that even when other factors are considered, such as academic skills, encounters with community violence, or emotional problems, childhood and adolescent barbaric media preferences contri fur thered importantly to the prediction of violence and general aggression in the study subjects (Buffington, et. al. ,2011). Media Violence Introduction The debate over media violence has eluded definitive dissolvers for more than three decades. At first blush, the debate is dominated by one and only(a) questionwhether or not media violence actually causes real-life violence.But closer examination reveals a political battle. On the one hand, there are those who bl ame media violence for societal violence and want to censor cutthroat content to protect children. On the other hand are those who opine regulation as the slithering slope to censorship or a smokescreen hiding the root causes of violence in society. whiz thing is certain the issue of media violence is not going away. Increasingly the debate is focusing on the culture of violence, and on the normalization of aggression and lack of empathy in our society. Media Violence ResearchResearch into the media and violenceexamines whether links mingled with consumingmediaviolence and subsequent self-asserting and red-facedbehavior exists. Although some kindly scientistssupport this link, methodological and theoretical problems with the existing literature limit interlingual rendition of findings in this area. There is concern among some scholars that media researchers may have exaggerated cause (Ferguson & Kilburn, 2009 Freedman, 2002 Pinker 2002 Savage, 2004). These effects, such as aggression and patterns of idle behaviors are believed to be interrelate with visual representations of violence.Complaints about the possible deleterious effects of mass media appear throughout history, evenPlatowas interested about the effects of plays on youth. Various media/genres, includingdime novels,comic books,jazz,rock and roll,role playing/ calculating machine gamesand many others have attracted speculation that consumers of such media may become more aggressive, rebellious or immoral. This has led some scholars to conclude statements made by some researchers merely fit into a cycle of media- base moral panics (e. g. Gauntlett, 1995 Trend, 2007 Kutner & Olson, 2008).The advent of video recordingprompted research into the effects of this new medium in the 1960s. Much of research has been pointd bysocial learning theorydeveloped byAlbert Bandura. Social learning theory suggests that one way in which human beingslearnis by the process of modeling. Through the videos, movi es, clips, episodes, and even shows, violence is manifested in media that is why children tend to model aggressive behaviors. Their minds create an interpretation which could be later on assuren on their processs.These actions tend to shape them into slam-bang individuals. From time to time, intellectual investigation and analysis about the effects of media violence and aggression to the psychological development of a child are being examined harmful influence of telecasting violence and on how to create a child-friendly media that will assistant the parents mold their children into morally- shaped individuals. The researchers intend to use the concepts of psychology in defining and developing such terms that will justify the effects of media violence on the well-being of a child.It is also necessary to use medical terms that will support the statements presented in this research, which will be explained further. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM There are many effects of exposure to media violence which influence the psychological well-being of a child. This study intends to investigate these effects, particularly to high school students in Malolos, Bulacan. This study is made to give answers and clarifications on the following questions In general, the question is, How does media violence, especially on television receiver, affect the psychological development of a child? 1. How does viewing violence on television actually surrogate aggressive behavior? 2. Is the association of exposure to television violence with the aggressive behavior causative? (Is violent television directly causing aggressive behavior? ) 3. 1 Significant Association of Media Violence to intrusion 3. 2 Media Violence and the Increasing Rate of Youthful Crime 3. 3 Psychological Risks and Setbacks of Exposure to Media Violence 3. What should be the precautions and measures that should be applied in order to create a child-friendly media? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYConsidering all the aspe cts of this research, the main goal is to educate people and also the respondents about the harmful effects of media violence to the psychological well-being of a child. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the researchers to provide essential information about the psychological influences of exposure to media violence and aggression. Mass Communication Students. As future media practitioners, it is essential for them to promote a child-friendly media to its viewers because media is one of the factors of human development, moreover, in the psychological aspect of an individual.Students. This research would help students realize the disadvantages of patronizing shows which use media violence as a source of diversion, and on how should they avoid observance it. Teachers and School Administrators. As mentors, this research would help them create a teaching strategy that will mold and guide students as they develop to mature professionals. Parents. It is the responsibility of the parents to guide their children in watching television programs. That is why they would gain information and invoices from this research that will help them guide their children properly. Readers.This intellectual output aims to provide readers with sufficient knowledge and understanding about the effects of media violence to the psychological well-being of a child. This would help them be informed not only about the harmful effects but also their responsibilities as viewers. SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS There are several factors that should be considered in find how media violence affects children and adolescents, but the researchers paid more attention in analyzing how media violence, especially on television, affects the psychological well-being of children and teenagers, particularly high school students.The scope of this research applies to Bulacan State University Laboratory High School students at Malolos urban center, Bulacan, for the school year 2011-2012. DEFINITION OF TERMS Mass Communication- refers to a scholarly study of mass media, its mingled forms and effects to people. Mass Media- refers collectively to allmediatechnologiesthat are intended to reach a large interview viamass communication (Wikipedia) Development- refers to the progress achieved by an individual which, in this research, pertains to the psychological development psychological science- the study of themind, evanescering part via the study ofbehavior (Wikipedia).Violence- refers to the aggressive behaviors portrayed by the characters look inton on television Students- refers to the high school students of Bulacan State University Laboratory High School (Unless given specification, e. g. Mass Communication Students) CHAPTER II REVIEW OF link up publications AND STUDIES This study was based in the previous investigations and experiments made by analysts and psychologists in determining the probable causes and effects of media violence exposure. According to Andrea Martinez (199 4), most studies support a positive, though weak, relation amid exposure to television violence and aggressive behaviour. Although that consanguinity cannot be confirmed systematically, she agrees with Dutch researcher Tom Van der Voot who argues that it would be illogical to conclude that a phenomenon does not exist simply because it is found at times not to occur, or only to occur under certain circumstances. More investigations took place to prove the relation of aggressive behavior to children and adolescents. They even conclude that there are several factors that affect the relationship of television violence to adolescents such as violent music lyrics.In 2003, Craig Anderson and Iowa State University colleague Nicholas Carnagey and Janie Eubanks of the Texas Department of Human Services reported that violent music lyrics increased aggressive thoughts and hostile feelings among 500 college students. They concluded, There are now good theoretical and empirical reasons to exp ect effects of music lyrics on aggressive behavior to be convertible to the well-studied effects of exposure to TV and movie violence and the more new research efforts on violent video games. It is implied that violent music lyrics act as their opium, for when teenagers hearen to such music, it tends to make them feel more aggressive, creating different feelings and thoughts. In 1960, University of Michigan Professor Leonard Eron studied 856 grade three students living in a semi-rural community in capital of South Carolina County, New York, and found that the children who watched violent television at al-Qaida behaved more crisply in school. Eron wanted to track the effect of this exposure over the years, so he revisited Columbia County in 1971, when the children who participated in the 1960 study were 19 years of age.He found that boys who watched violent TV when they were eight were more presumable to get in trouble with the law as teenagers. When Eron and Huesmann returned to Columbia County in 1982, the subjects were 30 years old. They reported that those participants who had watched more violent TV as eight-year-olds were more likely, as adults, to be convicted of serious crimes, to use violence to discipline their children, and to treat their spouses aggressively. Studies show that violent behaviors, just like any other behavior can be seen through years and can still be observed even for a long period of time.Professor Monroe Lefkowitz published similar findings in 1971. Lefkowitz interviewed a group of eight-year-olds and found that the boys who watched more violent TV were more likely to act aggressively in the real world. When he interviewed the same boys ten years later, he found that the more violence a boy watched at eight, the more aggressively he would act at age eighteen. Columbia University professor Jeffrey posteriorson has found that the effect is not check to violent shows. Johnson tracked 707 families in upstate New York for 17 ye ars, starting in 1975.In 2002, Johnson reported that children who watched one to three hours of television each day when they were 14 to 16 years old were 60 per cent more likely to be involved in assaults and fights as adults than those who watched less TV. Kansas State University professor John Murray concludes, The most plausible interpretation of this pattern of correlations is that early preference for violent television programing and other media is one factor in the production of aggressive and antisocial behavior when the young boy becomes a young man. People often use the phrase that children are impressionable. It means that children do not see the world through the same filter of experience that adults do. Children see things more literally. They do not barely possess the sophisticated sensibilities to distinguish fiction from reality. It matters a great deal, therefore, how such(prenominal) TV children watch and what they view. The effects of media violence on childr en have been studied for over thirty years, with researchers repeatedly finding correlations between aggressive/violent behavior and the viewing of media violence. These fostering and psychology researchers began asserting years ago that a cause-and-effect relationship existed, i. . , viewing media violence was one of the causative factors in aggressive behavior in children. REVIEW OF link THEORIES Exposure to such quantities of violent depictions damages youth and contributes to violence in real life. In particular, television violence promotes aggression, teaches the youth that violence is an acceptable solution to problems, and fosters a fearful attitude by jumper corpus viewers to think that the world is more violent than it really is. Here are the theories that will explain the influences of television violence to the youth Cultivation TheoryCultivation Theory focuses more on how people attitudes are impacted by the media, rather than just behaviors. One of the findings of this research is that when people are exposed to heavy media violence, they a time lag to have an attitudinal misconception called mean world syndrome. This means that they overestimate how much violence actually occurs in their communities and the rest of the world. While on the other hand, people who are exposed to less media violence have a more realistic sense of the amount of violence in the real world.Social information Theory Media affects theories in modern times originated with Albert Banduras social learning theory, which suggests that children may learn aggression from viewing others. Modeling of behavior was observed in Banduras Bobo Doll Experiments. He showed children a video of a model beating up a Bobo skirt and then put the children in a room with a Bobo doll to see if he/she would imitate the behavior previously seen on the video. The findings of this experiment suggest that children tended to model the behavior they witnessed in the video.This has been often taken to imply that children may imitate aggressive behaviors witnessed in media. katharsis Theory Catharsis is a Greek word meaning cleansing or purging. It has been described as a purification or a purging of such emotions. Many theatre directors and producers of violent media claim that their products are cathartic. For example, Alfred Hitchcock, director of the movie Psycho, said, One of televisions greatest contributions is that it brought murder back into the home where it belongs. Seeing a murder on television can be good therapy.It can help work off ones antagonism. More recently, in 1992, Paul Verhoeven, director of the movie Total Recall, said, I think its a kind of purifying experience to see violence. Social Cognitive Theory Social cognitive theories build upon social learning theory, but suggest that aggression may be activated by learning and priming aggressive scripts. desensitization is also included in latter social cognitive theories. For example in one recent study, a sample of college students was assigned at random to play either a violent or non-violent video game for 20 minutes.They were then asked to watch a 10 minute video of real life violence. The students who had played the violent video games were observed to be significantly less affected by the simulated aggressive act than those who didnt play the violent video games. Moral Panic Theory clarified by David Gauntlett this theory postulates that concerns about new media are historical and cyclical. Society forms a predetermined negative belief about a new media. Research studies and statements by scholars and politicians are designed to confirm the pre-existing belief, rather than objectively study the issue with care.Ultimately the panic dies out afterwards several years or even decades, but ultimately resurfaces when yet another new form of media is introduced. REVIEW OF RELATED writings LOCAL LITERATURE Cultures of corruption and of violence in society are close cousins , if not twins. They are intertwined. Where there is corruption, there is violence, and vice versa. Violence is a symptom of a corrupt mind or society, and corruption is violence against fellow human beings and society (Chua, 2010). Children through their adolescent stage are great imitators.Television violence surfaced the minds of our teenagers though it brings negative effects- for adolescents search for their role model during their formative years. In the Philippines, where almost every household had televisions, violence is rampant. Philippine Television Scenario * 93% of Filipino children have access to television. * Television shows rest of 10,000 rape, assaults and murder scenes each year. * Teenage boys who watch television more than an hour are more likely to commit violent acts than those who watch less than an hour.With the influence of television that results to violence, the united Nations classified Philippines as a high aggression areaan environment promoting aggr essive behavior. It is said that exposure to adult programs eliminates childhood. (Tan, 1994) concluded that before, learning is difficult and dependent, but now, the youth easily learn about adult behavior through TV programs. If they are required by law to wait until they are old enough to drive, likewise, they need to wait for the right age to watch TV.Television may not be as detrimental for teenagers or for adults, as it is for the young ones. With this statistics, Sen. Manuel Villar Jr. has filed a bill banning the broadcast of programs that contain scenes considered extremely violent for children during daytime. Senate distinction 2441 mandates the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) and the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) to establish rules for blocking violent programs during daytime. Television has been taken for granted, as it becomes the fastest portal of violence. Teenagers feel vulnerable and less protected.Teenagers are exposed t o increasingly higher doses of aggressive images. Violence among youth is also on the rise, making it plausible to correspond the two, even though we believe that the primary causes for aggressive behavior in children are to be found in their family environment, and the social and economic conditions in which they are raised. Television violence merges with reality. unusual LITERATURE Learning violence has no exception. It can be imitated in the same manner as how the alphabet was committed to memory (Walker, 2010). In a study conducted by Dr.Jo Groebel of Utrecht University from 1996-1997, it was confirmed the dominant role of television in the everyday lives of children around the globe 93% of the students who attend school and live in electrified urban or rural areas have regular access to television and watch it for an average of three hours a day. This represents at least 50% more than the time spent on any other out of school activity, including homework, being with friends, or reading. The result justifies the assumption that television is the most powerful source of information and entertainment besides face-to-face interaction.It is concluded that the introduction of television in the 1950s ca apply a subsequent two-baser of the homicide rate, i. e. , long-term childhood exposure to television is a causal factor behind approximately one half of the homicides committed in the United States, or approximately 10 000 homicides annually. Although the information are not as well developed for other forms of violence, they indicate that exposure to television is also a causal factor behind a major proportion-perhaps one half-of rapes, assaults, and other forms of interpersonal violence in the United States (Centerwall, 1992)Fig 1. This serial publication of pics shows a 14-month old boy learning behavior from a television set. In photograph A, the adult pulls apart a novel toy. The baby leans forward and carefully studies the adults actions. In photogr aph B, the infant is given the toy. In photograph C, the infant pulls the toy apart, imitating what he had seen the adult do. Of infants exposed to the instructional video, 65% could later work the toy, as compared with 20% of unexposed infants.Just like Banduras experiment on how children learn and adapts violence, the physique shows how easily a toddler mimics a personality on a television. To present how television violence manifests in the youths daily lives, Arnold Schwarzeneggers Terminator is a global icon, known by 88% of the children surveyed, be they from India, Brazil or Japan. Asked to name their favorite role models, boys most frequently named an action hero. 51% of the children from war or high-crime environments wish to be like him, as compared to 37% in the low-aggression neighborhoods.This only means that teenagers tend to mimic the shows they have seen on television. In 1990, the American Academy of Pediatrics issued a policy statement that Pediatricians should ad vise parents to limit their childrens television viewing to 1 to 2 hours per day. Nowadays, the youth perceives television as a factual source of information about a world outside their homes but the truth is this is where violence is a daily commonplace. But violence, according to Centerwall in 1992, is generally powerful, exciting, charismatic, and efficacious. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIESLOCAL STUDIES One of the findings was half of the Filipino programs contain violent incident (excluding news casts). Moreover, it indicated that violence would likely occur in these kinds of television programs 1. Action/Adventure 2. Drama/Sitcoms 3. Variety Shows 4. MTV (Music Television) Exposure to this kind of television programs lead to several problematic outcomes. Aggression Adolescents in middle school and high school are much more likely than younger children to doubt the reality of television content and much less likely to identify with television characters.The small percentages of those who continue to believe in the reality of television and to identify with its violent heroes are the only ones likely to be more aggressive, especially if they continue to fantasize about aggressive-heroic themes. desensitization Desensitization is indicated by lower empathy or sympathy. Media violence has also been shown to desensitize youth to violence. Trauma and exploitation Media violence also leads to fear and a feeling of victimization.In one study, 75% of high school students reported media violence at moderate to high levels, and 10% sought to counseling due to nightmares, anxiety, and fear associated with media violence. FOREIGN STUDIES Bobo Doll Experiment The Bobo doll experiment was the name of two experiments conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961 and 1963 studying patterns of behavior associated with aggression. He hoped that the experiments would prove that aggression can be explained, at least in part, by social learning theory. The theory of social learning would s tate that behavior such as aggression is versed through observing and imitating others.He showed children a video of a model beating up a Bobo doll and then put the children in a room with a Bobo doll to see if he/she would imitate the behavior previously seen on the video. The findings of this experiment suggest that children tended to model the behavior they witnessed in the video. This has been often taken to imply that children may imitate aggressive behaviors witnessed in media. In his book, The 11 Myths of Media, James Potter shares what he believes to be the short term effects and long term effects of media. Short-Term Effects . fake and Copying Behavior Children and adults mimic and incorporate a behavior they have seen a character in media perform. 2. Desensitization Media can reduce our emotional reactions. It breaks down viewers natural resistance to killing. 3. jury-rigged Fear Violent media can produce intense fright reactions. Fright is an immediate emotional respo nse and is composed of anxiety, distress, and increased physiological arousal that are frequently engendered in viewers as a result of exposure to specific types of media productions.Long-Term Effects 1. Aggression 2. Moving the Mean of Society toward More of a Fight Flight Mentality When violence permeates the media year after year in all kinds of programming and when the message of the violence is antisocial (violence is usually justified, successful, and harmless to victims), the mean of society is likely to move step by step to antisocial direction. The society will gradually move towards a fight-flight mentality. The fight component is exhibited by an wearing of inhibitions to behaving in a violent manner.The flight component is exhibited by a gradual increase in generalized fear along with an erosion of sympathy for victims of violence. 3. Thinking of Being Victims of a Crime 4. pass judgment Violence Easily CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Fig. 2 Through an input, process, and output cycle, the researchers defined the relationship of media violence linked to aggression. When children are exposed to media violence at an early age, their mind creates an interpretation that is why they imitate any aggressive behavior shown to them. Through this, aggression is manifested. HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDYFrom the information gathered by the researchers in determining the probable effects of exposure to media violence to the psychological development of an individual, hypotheses are formulated. These are based on the findings of this research and will be proved later on. 1. Through media violence manifested on television, aggressive behaviors are acquired as a child interprets what he sees on the character. Children tend to imitate what they see on television that is why it becomes a habit when they are exposed in this form of violence. By this, the child learns to act in the same behavior as what he sees. 2.Proper development of the psychological being of a child is at risk, especially of teenagers because they are on their adolescence stagea stage of development and proviso for adulthood. What they see and learn in their childhood such as violence, might lead to execution of violent acts acquired in their adulthood, leading to more serious behavioral problems. Without the proper guidance, they might constantly develop into a violent person. 3. One characteristic of a child is being impressionable, that is why they directly imitate the acts they see on television. From this, aggressive behavior could be achieved. . Young children often mimic what they see. Older children develop, through years of watching, sub-conscious mental plans of how they will react in conflict situations. For years they have seen conflicts resolved by violence, and they sub-consciously develop the same reaction plan. When confronted with a conflict, the tendency is to react the way they have seen countless others reactin a combative, aggressive or violent manner. 5. By reducing their time in watching, accompanied by proper guidance and explanation, they could reduce the tendency of a child to acquire violent behavior. 6.Television is the most expeditious and the fastest portal of learning and acquiring knowledge. Children watching television without proper guidance gives their own explanation to what they have watched. In such manner, they tend to grow and bear in mind their wrong interpretation of violence. CHAPTER III METHODS OF RESEARCH METHODS AND TECHNIQUES Descriptive Method The researchers applied the descriptive or statistical method that will describe the data and characteristics of the population intended in this research. Through this, the researchers also used the survey method as a technique in defining the data gathered and presented.Survey Method The survey is a non-experimental, descriptive research method. This method assesses the students point of view through series of questions intellectually formulated to satisfy the needed informatio n in this research. This is conducted in a group of students from Bulacan State University Laboratory High School. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS The researchers used questionnaires distributed to the students, consisting of closed-ended questions. Aclosed-ended questionis a question format that provides respondents with a list of answer choices from which they must choice to answer the question.The group also formulated interview guide consisting of series of questions that will help in directing the conversation towards the topics and issues presented in this research. Through these instruments, the researchers will gather the data needed in order to provide the results needed in this research. BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, C. A. , and Bushman, B. J. (2002). The effects of media violence on society. Science, 295, 2377-2378. appendage 4-B violence in the media and its effect on youth violence. (1999). Youth Violence A Report of the sawbones General. Retrieved February 25, 2012, from http//www. urg eongeneral. gov/library/youthviolence/chapter4/appendix4b. html Centerwall, B. S. (1992, June 10). Television and Violence The Scale of the Problem and Where to Go From Here. Retrieved from http//cursor. org/stories/television_and_violence. htm Chua, P. S. (2010, August 30). Heart to subject matter talk violence on television. Cebu Daily News, Retrieved from http//globalnation. inquirer. net/cebudailynews/opinion/view/20100830-289558/Violence-on-television Frazier, B. (n. d). The impact of tv violence on children and adolescents. The Successful Parent. Retrieved from http//www. thesuccessfulparent. om/children-and-media/the-impact-of-tv-violence-on-children-and-adolescents Grobel, J. (1997). Media and violence study. Retrieved from http//www. ppu. org. uk/education/mediaviolencesurvey-c. html Johnson, J. G. , et al. (2002). Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood. Science,295, 2468-2471. Media consciousness network. (2010, July 8). Violence in M edia Entertainment. Retrieved from http//www. media-awareness. ca/english/issues/violence/violence_entertainment. cfm Media violence introduction. (2010). Media Awareness Network. Retrieved from http//www. media-awareness. a/english/issues/violence/ Media violence and behavior. (n. d). LimiTV. Retrieved from http//www. limitv. org/aggression. htm Research on the effects of media violence. (2010). Media Awareness Network. Retrieved from http//www. media-awareness. ca/english/issues/violence/effects_media_violence. cfm Rick Nauert PhD. (2008). Media violence linked to aggression. Psych Central. Retrieved from http//psychcentral. com/news/2008/11/20/media_violence_linked_to_aggression/3379. html Violence kills tv. (1998, December 1). Science Go Go. Retrieved March 19, 2012, from http//www. scienceagogo. com/news/19981101145024data_trunc_sys. html Shah, S. A. A. (2008). Children and media violence. Retrieved from http//www. scribd. com/doc/30841039/Media-Research-Children-and-Media-Vio lence Short and long term media effects. (2012). The New Media Foundation. Retrieved March 15, 2012, from http//www. thenewmedia-foundation. org/media/valus. php Sy, M. (2011, April 19). Villar calls for ban on tv programs too violent for kids. The Philippine Star, Retrieved from http//www. philstar. com/Article. aspx? articleId=677908&publicationSubCategoryId= Tan, B. C. (1994). Tv is not for children. Retrieved from http//www. rstep. org. ph/reading2. tm Violence, media (position paper). (2004). AAFP. Retrieved from http//www. aafp. org/online/en/home/policy/policies/v/violencemedia. html APPENDICES QUESTIONNAIRES BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Letters S. Y. 2011-2012 Provided in this questionnaire are personal questions. please answer all the questions honestly. Shade the circle provided before the choices. -The Insiders Provided in this questionnaire are personal questions. Please answer all the questions honestly. Shade the circle provided before the choices. -Th e Insiders BASIC INFORMATION bid ______________________________________Year and Section_____________________________ Age ____ sex activity __________ distribute_____________________________________ ____________________________________________ Contact No. __________________________________ 1. During your childhood years, how many hours a day did you overhaul in watching television? * 1-2 hours * 3-4 hours * 5-7 hours * Others (Please specify. )_______ 2. Which of the following programs did you often watch before? * Sineskwela * Math-tinik * Hiraya Manawari * Teletubbies * Voltes V * Daimos * Power Rangers * Tom and Jerry 3. Do your parents stop you from watching programs that show violence? Yes * No 4. As an adolescent, how many hours a day do you spend in watching? * 1-2 hours * 3-4 hours * 5-7 hours * Others (Please specify. )_______ FOLLOW- UP QUESTION Do your parents still prevent you from watching programs that promote violence? * Yes * No 5. What kind of programs do you p refer? * Drama * Comedy * Action * Others (Please specify. ) __________________ 6. Do you often watch alone? * Yes * No 7. Which of the following programs did you often watch before? * Matanglawin * Kaps Amazing Stories * Pinoy Explorer * IJuander * metropolis Hunter * Iris * Valiente * Regal Shocker 8.Do you think it is beneficial for you to patronize programs with violent scenes? * Yes * No 9. Do you think that exposure to media violence could cause a child to be aggressive? * Yes * No 10. What is your reaction after seeing violence on television? * Pleased- happy, contented * Terrified- scared, frightened * Not Contented- wanting more * Annoyed- disturbed, churning LETTERS BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Letters S. Y. 2011-2012 185 Sapphire Street, Brgy. Perez, Bulakan, Bulacan, Phils. March 22, 2012 Mr. Angel C. Caparas High School principal Bulacan State University- Laboratory High School city of Malolos, Bulacan Dear Mr. Caparas We, a group of Mass Communicatio n students from the College of Arts and Letters, are in the process of accomplishing our research paper in a study entitle, Effects of Exposure to Media Violence to the Psychological Development of the High School Students of Bulacan State University- Laboratory High School. We would like to request for your liberty in order for us to conduct our survey in the campus. The students would be the respondents of our study. This would be of great help in our research. Rest assured that we will take charge in this survey.We are hoping for your cooperation. Yours Sincerely, Erl Chak S. J. Navalta Group Researcher BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Letters S. Y. 2011-2012 Santa Maria, Bulacan March 22, 2012 Dr. Agnes Crisostomo Psychology Professor College of Social Science and Philosophy Bulacan State University Dear Madam We, the students of Bulacan State University-College of Arts and Letters will be conducting a study entitled, Effects of Effects of Exposure to Media Violenc e to the Psychological Development of the High School Students of Bulacan State University- Laboratory High School. This is in partial fulfillment of the requirements in the course English 123-Communication Arts 2 thesis proposal. In this regard, we respectfully request for your participation to be the subject of our study. We would assure that any information gathered would be handled properly and with strict confidentiality. Thank you very much Yours truly, ________________________ Justine Mary Robert A. Mendoza Researcher BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Letters School Year 2011 004 Tabon Malis, Guiguinto, Bulacan March 22, 2012 Lolita S. P. Santos Social WorkerCity Social Welfare and Development Malolos Bulacan Dear Mrs. Santos Greetings We, the Mass Communication students of Bulacan State University, are humbly requesting to your office to allow us to conduct an interview that will give us pertinent information regarding on behavioral aspects of youth and juvenile d elinquency here in Bulacan, particularly in the city of Malolos. The said information will suffice to our thesis proposal entitled Effects of Exposure to Media Violence to the Psychological Development of the High School Students of Bulacan State University- Laboratory High School. Rest assured that all information will remain confidential and shall be used only for the said thesis proposal. We are looking forward to your kindest cooperation and consideration. Yours truly, __________________ Jeaneth D. P. Panti Researcher BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Letters School Year 2011 754 Kabilang Bacood, Sta. Rita, Guiguinto, Bulacan March 22, 2012 High School Students Laboratory High School Bulacan State University Dear Respondents Greetings We are the Insiders, a group of first year Mass Communication students from the College of Arts and Letters are shortly writing our research proposal.We are kindly asking for you to answer the following questions that will be alert to the completion of this proposal. Rest assured that all information will remain confidential and shall be used only for the said thesis proposal. We are looking forward to your kindest cooperation and consideration. Yours truly, __________________ Jerica Mae S. P. Calara Researcher EXPERTS PROFILES in-person PROFILE key Lolita S. P. Santos Address Malolos Bulacan E-mail address lolitasantos. emailprotected com Age 23 Gender female Nationality Filipino Place of bear Bulacan Civil status marriedReligion Catholic educational BACKGROUND Tertiary University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Secondary Holy ticker Academy Malolos Bulacan PROFESSION Currently serving as a social worker at the City Social Welfare and Development here at Malolos Bulacan, which provides social programs especially to indigenous families in Malolos, provides animation projects, child labor programs and other social services that caters the welfare of the people PERSONAL PROFILE Name Agnes Del Rosario C risostomo Address Malolos, Bulacan E-mail address emailprotected om Age 40 Gender Female Nationality Filipino Place of line Paombong, Bulacan Civil status Married Religion Catholic EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Tertiary 2009PhD in Psychology University of the Philippines 2005MA in Psychology University of the Philippines 1987BA Psychology University of the Philippines (Diliman) Secondary Paombong High School PROFESSION 4th year accomplice Professor in Bulacan State University Employee at Women of Malolos Foundation Incorporation INTERVIEW GUIDE Questions 1. How much education did you have to go through to become a (field)? 2.Is there a significant relationship between exposure to television violence and aggressive behavior? 3. Is this relationship causal? 4. How does it impact teenagers? 5. Are there any psychological problems that can be caused by television? 6. wherefore do you think television violence is bad for teenagers? Or why do you think it is okay to let them watch? 7. Do you think the effects of television violence are very serious to the teenagers today? Why? 8. What do you think their behavior would be? 9. In your opinion, what ages are safe to watch television violence? 10. Is there anything wrong with letting a young child watch TV? 1. What do you think about always keeping teenagers away from television so that they can not watch violent television programs or shows? 12. Can teenagers adjust good and bad side of violent television programs or shows themselves? Why? CURRICULUM VITAE JERICA MAE SAN PEDRO CALARA 754 Kabilang Bacood, Sta. Rita, Guiguinto, Bulacan Mobile scrap 09157990046 Telephone go Email Address jericamae. emailprotected com PERSONAL DATA name Jerica, JM StatusSingle Birth DateMay 24, 1995 CitizenshipFilipino SkillsCommunication Skills, computer Literate EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUNDTertiaryBulacan State University City of Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines BA Mass Communication Major in Broacasting S. Y. 2011 2012 Secondary Holy scent Aca demy of Malolos Sta. Isabel, City of Malolos, Bulacan S. Y. 2007 2011 SEMINARS ATTENDED 1st SemesterCommGuild Seminar AFP subject field coterie Aguinaldo Quezon City August 7, 2011 second Semester4th Media flower BSU Hostel Bulacan State University February 16, 2012 JUSTINE MARY ROBERT AQUINO MENDOZA 277 N. Mendoza St. , San Gabriel, Sta. Maria, Bulacan Mobile Number 09179917850 Telephone Number (044) 641-03-77 Email Address emailprotected om PERSONAL DATA Nickname Justine StatusSingle Birth DateFebruary 26, 1994 CitizenshipFilipino SkillsCommunication Skills, information processing system Literate EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND TertiaryBulacan State University City of Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines BA Mass Communication Major in Broacasting S. Y. 2011 2012 Secondary Saint Paul College of Bocaue Bocaue, Bulacan S. Y. 2007 2011 SEMINARS ATTENDED 1st SemesterCommGuild Seminar AFP Theater Camp Aguinaldo Quezon City August 7, 2011 2nd Semester4th Media Summit BSU Hostel Bulacan State Univ ersity February 16, 2012 ERL CHAK SAN JOSE NAVALTA 85 Sapphire St. Perez, Bulakan, Bulacan Mobile Number 09274308912 Telephone Number (044) 668-74-93 Email Address emailprotected com PERSONAL DATA Nickname Erl, Chak StatusSingle Birth DateOctober 14, 1995 CitizenshipFilipino SkillsCommunication Skills, Computer Literate EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND TertiaryBulacan State University City of Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines BA Mass Communication Major in Broacasting S. Y. 2011 2012 Secondary Immaculate Conception School for Boys Second Year- Fourth Year Poblacion, City of Malolos, Bulacan S. Y. 2008 2011 Assumpta Academy First YearSan Jose, Bulakan, Bulacan S. Y. 2007 2008 SEMINARS ATTENDED 1st SemesterCommGuild Seminar AFP Theater Camp Aguinaldo Quezon City August 7, 2011 Pandayang linoleum Brocka Valencia Hall Bulacan State University 2nd Semester4th Media Summit BSU Hostel Bulacan State University February 16, 2012 JEANETH DELA PAZ PANTI 004, Tabon Malis, Guiguinto, Bulacan Mobile Number 09351860944 Telephone Number N. A. Email Address emailprotected com PERSONAL DATA Nickname Jeaneth StatusSingle Birth Datefamily 12, 1994 CitizenshipFilipino SkillsCommunication Skills, Computer LiterateEDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND TertiaryBulacan State University City of Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines BA Mass Communication Major in Broacasting S. Y. 2011 2012 Secondary Guiguinto National Vocational High School Guiguinto, Bulacan S. Y. 2007 2011 SEMINARS ATTENDED 1st SemesterCommGuild Seminar AFP Theater Camp Aguinaldo Quezon City August 7, 2011 Pandayang Plaridel BSU Hostel Bulacan State University Pandayang Lino Brocka Valencia Hall Bulacan State University 2nd Semester4th Media Summit BSU Hostel Bulacan State University February 16, 2012 MA. NEREN ENRIQUEZ VILLALON 611, Calle Hagonoy St. San Pablo, City of Malolos, Bulacan Mobile Number 09066250818 Telephone Number (044) 760-75-68 Email Address emailprotected com PERSONAL DATA Nickname Neren StatusSingle Birth DateSeptember 4, 1994 Ci tizenshipFilipino SkillsCommunication Skills, Computer Literate EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND TertiaryBulacan State University City of Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines BA Mass Communication Major in Broacasting S. Y. 2011 2012 Secondary Holy Spirit Academy of Malolos Sta. Isabel, City of Malolos, Bulacan S. Y. 2007 2011 SEMINARS ATTENDED 1st SemesterCommGuild Seminar AFP Theater Camp Aguinaldo