Essay about French Feminism - 1679 Words

Feminism -- it is a term that inspires a spectrum of emotions that range from undying passion to unabashed disgust. The first time that I gave serious thought to where my heart stood on this spectrum was in a Womens Studies course during my freshman year of college. In my mind was the American stereotype of a feminist: a bra-burning, man-hating, and somewhat-hairy old maid. As a self-proclaimed, loudmouth liberal that despises patriarchy and other forms of gender discrimination, I wanted to call myself a feminist, but I could not align myself with that unfeminine stereotype. Being a collector of high heels, lover of men, and an abuser of feminine guile, I felt as though claiming to be a feminist would be in turn proving to be a†¦show more content†¦The unleashing of the female sex into the active politics of modern France occurred in 1945 under the Liberation Government led by Charles de Gaulle (Ardagh 599). Before this year, which is relatively recent in relation to Frances age, women were not only absent from office, but simply did not even have the right to vote (Ardagh 599). Only since then have women been legally considered full citizens with equality to men (Sineau 113). The initial progress was hopeful with 30 women elected to the National Assembly in the first year of suffrage (Ardagh 599). Unfortunately for feminists, the progress took a reverse with this number dropping to 10 by 1977, coupled by a severe lack of women in the ministries (Ardagh 599). This lack of political representation of women was in spite of the feminist movement in France that marked the 1970s. Although few women were sitting in offices of power, many were marching in the streets in protest. Through the political pressuring of the feminist movement, remarkable gains such as the legalization of abortion and progressive rape laws were made (C#233;lestin, DalMolin, and Courtivron 2). In terms of women participating in electoral politics, one part of the feminist movement actually discouraged it with a call for absentation from voting because womens issues were being oppressed by the patriarchal political parties in power (Duchen 106). France has never had a woman asShow MoreRelatedThe noun feminism is derived from the French in the 19th century . It refers to the campaign at700 Words   |  3 PagesThe noun feminism is derived from the French in the 19th century . It refers to the campaign at first but now women have been endowed with greater meaning when it is used extensively in many places. Feminism was born because there are those who feel that women have been oppressed by injustice exists between man and woman . Oppression of women is a human act under social institution and it is not biologkal . Thus, the women themselves able to change this situation . Theories of feminism has changedRead MoreFeminism : Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1507 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism has been around as long as women have been. Feminism according to google is the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. So it is basically women wanting to be treated equally. The history of feminism is pretty sketch considering how it was never called feminism until america got a hold of it. But never the less there are definite matriarchal influences throughout the history of the world. A couple of asian cultures were based off ofRead MoreThe Definition Of Modern Day Feminism1116 Words   |  5 PagesMegan Thompson Ms. Butters AP Language 13 November 2014 The Definition of Modern Day Feminism â€Å"Feminist: a person who believes in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes.† This is what Beyonce, one of the most famous and influential Women of Color in the past decade, claims in her 2014 VMA performance, with a large, shining backdrop of the word ‘feminist’ behind her. This quickly became one of the most direct and most widely-known displays of her feminist beliefs, and Beyonce isRead MoreThe Effects Of Writing On Feminist Theory1375 Words   |  6 Pagesthe masculine (Delahoyde 1). Feminism is not a young concept, in fact, the word first appeared in 1890’s France as â€Å"fà ©minisme† (Freedman 4). Feminist theory was developed to recognize injustices against women, and proposes action to change the situation universally (Young 20). The 1960s and 70s brought second-wave feminism, which occurred during the same time as the Civil Rights movement and protests against the Vietnam War (Rich 7). The second wave of feminism was said to be a transition focusedRead MoreFeminism : A Studies Of Feminism1559 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism 6 Running Head: PSYCHOLOGY STUDIES:A STUDIES OF FEMINISM PSYCHOLOGY STUDIES: A STUDIES OF FEMINISM CUIYI P. Student Pasadena City College Feminism 1 Psychology Studies: a Studies of Feminism What Does it Means to Run Like a Girl 21th Century Earlier Centuries Feminism became a hot topic in 21th century, but anyone know what is Feminism means? Definition on Macmillan Dictionary says, Feminism is the belief that women should have the sameRead MoreFeminism And The First Day Of Class1135 Words   |  5 PagesWhat does the word feminism mean to an individual? Do people believe it means fighting for equality? Do people believe the negative stereotypes? Feminism is a widely debated topic across the world. People either support feminism or protest against it. It is important to know the correct meaning of feminism as it is commonly used in an incorrect manner. Even though the majority of people do not acknowledge the true meaning of feminism and the history it has created, we are oblivious to social mediaRead MoreBlack Feminist1005 Words   |  5 PagesPress). Black feminism argues that sexism, social class oppression, and racism are inseparably bound together (Collins). The feminist movement has been around since the 1880s when the word â€Å"Feminism† appeared in the French language (Collins). The word found traction in Britain in the 1890s, and the United States in 1910, feminism sought to influence popular culture by its very presence and by its persistent demands to be recognized as the official voice of all women (â€Å"What is Feminism†). Although theRead MoreAn Analysis of Rethinking Sex Gender651 Words   |  3 Pagestheorist of French origin. She was an active participant of the Womens Movement(Mouvement de Libà ©ration des Femmes called MLF). She challenged the law of the French Government in 2004 , which forbid Muslim girls to wear hijab in schools. She was the proponent of Material Feminism. Along with Simone de Beauvoir, she co-founded the Nouvelles questions feministes(New Feminist Issues) in 1977.She was the proponent of Material Feminism, which is a radical perspective of socialist feminism, linking aRead MoreFeminism, The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Ground Of The Equality 1654 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism is a series of chronological movements and ideologies aimed at altering the patriarchal system to be equalitarian, so women can uphold the same opportunities and rights as men. Feminism, by definition, is ‘the advocacy of women’s rights on the ground of the equality of the sexes’ (Oxforddictionaries.com, 2015). Therefore, feminism is still relevant within Western society because there is still significant evidence that shows women are still not yet equal with men. Thus, this essay will focusRead MoreFeminism And Its Effect On Society1509 Words   |  7 Pagesquite taken seriously.The word is known by many people but not fully understood by the masses. The word being referred to is Feminism and it is phenomenon that has been around for years but has been spreading through people everywhere. Feminism is a movement created to help everyone and make our society more positive and to rule out harmful gender roles in our culture. Feminism is defined in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as â€Å"the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities†

The Dramatic Impact of Act 3 Scene of William...

The Dramatic Impact of Act 3 Scene of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, and in particular Act 3 scene 5 is full of dramatic tension, fuelled by various themes. Among the most prominent of these themes are those of secrecy, conflicting public an private worlds, dramatic irony, and the major contrasts in the beginning of the scene when compared to the end of the scene. Many of the stark contrasts that fill the play are clearly seen in Act 3 scene 5, and these include some of the major issues of the day (late 16th century Britain) such as those of life and death, and loyalty and honour. As well as these contrasts there are also contrasting references to light†¦show more content†¦The scene begins with Romeo and Juliets intimacy and the pain of knowing they must part. The audience knows that they will never see each other alive again because of the chorus part at the beginning of the play and because of Romeos pending banishment, thus making it full of dramatic irony. Romeo says, Let me be tane, let me be put to dea th, and here he is referring to if he stays with Juliet he will be found and killed. He also says, Come, death, and welcome! Juliet wills it so. This also makes it dramatic because the audience knows Romeo will die because of Juliets and his love, and this will climax to become very tragic at the end because he is saying it in a light-hearted manner. At the end of the scene Romeo says to Juliet in what will be his final words to her, more dark and dark our woes! The last time they see each other when they kill themselves is in the tomb that Shakespeare describes as a dark place and these premonitions of theirs help in creating a opening full of dramatic irony and tension. In lines 64 to 105, Juliet and Lady Capulet discuss her proposed marriage to Paris and it is in these line that Shakespeare makes his mastery of language clear, whilst building up the tension. In this scene, the most important feature of Juliets speech is her ambiguity. For example, when she and her motherShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet979 Words   |  4 PagesEES81QFC Freshman Composition 1 November 2015 Romeo and Juliet Were Never Meant To Be William Shakespeare’s masterpiece Romeo and Juliet tells the story of a pair of star-crossed lovers willing to defy all odds to be together. However, throughout the story, we repeatedly see how fate intervenes and wreaks havoc on their lives in destructive and devastating ways. Act 5 Scene 3, the scene of the actual disaster, reinforces this idea in the most dramatic and terrible way possible - the tragic and untimelyRead MoreThemes Presented in Shakespeares Tragic Play Romeo and Juliet2149 Words   |  9 PagesRomeo and Juliet is one of the most famous plays in history, which is written by William Shakespeare. This play is Shakespeare’s first play about tragedy. Romeo and Juliet is a very deep and profound play about two ‘star-crossed’ lovers met at a ball. Within this play Shakespeare used deep, complex language to describe their insightful character also their actions towards each other. Romeo and Juliet is about two lovers from families who have set a grudge upon each other, in this complex piece ofRead More Act Three Scene Five of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1813 Words   |  8 PagesAct Three Scene Five of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Act 3 Scene 5 is a very important and emotional scene because it shows huge development in both plot and character as well ass a wide variety of language. Before this scene, Romeo of the House of Montague fell in love with Juliet - a Capulet. The Capulets were feuding with the Montagues. Romeo and Juliet were secretly married by Friar Lawrence on the same day Romeo killed Tybalt, who himself killed Mercutio.Read MoreThe Character Of Romeo Montague in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet2933 Words   |  12 PagesCharacter Of Romeo Montague in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo is one of the main characters in Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† and is portrayed as a tragic figure, who is guided by his destiny. Shakespeare initially introduces Romeo to be a romantic sentimentalist, who is over-obsessed with his own emotions. Romeo, however, loses these personality traits towards the end of the play, and becomes more mature after falling deeply in love with Juliet. His Read MoreThea 1016562 Words   |  27 PagesFinal Project Part1: Directorial Vision Statement The piece that I selected for this formal treatment is Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. I select this for a couple of reasons that are listed as the following. First of all, Romeo and Juliet is so famous and popular all around the world, and the two main characters—Romeo and Juliet are so well-known that even people who have no idea about theatre or the original piece of work know they are tragic lovers whose families resented each otherRead MoreHow Does Shakespeare Use Dramatic Devices Is Act 3 Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet in Order to Make It an Exciting Scene and a Turning Point in the Play1971 Words   |  8 Pagesfathers, and then their husbands. Shakespeares use of dramatic devices in Act 3, Scene 1 makes it an interesting, exciting and important scene because so much happens in a short space of time which in turn affects all the characters in one way or another. Furthermore, this scene falls dramatically in the middle of the play and can be seen as the turning point in the story. Shakespeares thoughtful choice of dramatic devices such as movement, tone, stage directions, dramatic irony and characterization (amongRead MoreThe Im portance of Act 3 Scene 1 in William Shakespeares Plays1779 Words   |  8 PagesImportance of Act 3 Scene 1 in William Shakespeares Plays Shakespeare has written other tragedies before Romeo and Juliet, these included Titus Andronicus and Richard III, these stories had plots of the usual pattern for tragedy. There are some differences in ‘Romeo and Juliet’ compared to other tragedies because the heroine was important as well as the hero, it was not about classical figure, it was about love. Professor Levin said that Romeo and Juliet was an ‘anti-revenge’Read MoreHow Does Shakespeare Present Conflict in Act 3 Scene 1? Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesHow does Shakespeare present conflict in act 3 scene 1? In William Shakespeare’s play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ there is alot of conflict particularly in act 3 scene 1. The audience find conflict interesting to watch because it creates drama and tension. Shakespeare uses many dramatic devices to present this; some of these techniques include foreshadowing, puns and irony to add to this effect. Another reason why Shakespeare uses conflict in the play is so that the audience are able to get attached to itRead MoreEssay about Act 3 Scene 5 of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet4162 Words   |  17 PagesAct 3 Scene 5 of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is full of exciting incidents which are intertwined to create the interesting plot itself. The audience have already witnessed many key events in Act 3 Scene 5. Romeo has already spent his first night with Juliet in her chamber at the house of Capulet. The audience are shocked with the unexpected arrivance of Lady Capulet. Your lady mother is coming to your chamber Here we see the nurseRead MoreAct 3 Scene I of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay2142 Words   |  9 PagesAct 3 Scene I of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Before Act 3 scene i we know that there are two feuding families, the Capulets and the Montagues. The audience has been told at the start that to resolve this dispute their children, two innocent lovers, must die. The Prince had explicitly told the family that if there is another brawl their ‘lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace’. Romeo a Montague went unwelcome to the Capulets’ ball. Tybalt, a nephew of old

Japanese Medical Beliefs free essay sample

Japanese Medical Beliefs Medicine is all around us. It comes in all forms and all types of beliefs. Each person has their own beliefs on what medicine can do to or for the body. No matter what country one visits, there will be a medical office to assist, however their views may vary that what one may be use to. In Japan, things are no different; however, Japan has some beliefs that contrast other countries. The Japanese has received influence from other countries, such as the Chinese, but they have turned everything into their own. They have their own superstitions, traditional medicine (including how they view modern medical needs), and different types of current trends that they follow. Every country has its own superstitions. Certain things that are not allowed to happen on certain days or even certain things must be kept away because of its meanings. In 1998, an experiment was done to see if the Japanese was using the Taian-Butsumetsu superstition when discharging patients. We will write a custom essay sample on Japanese Medical Beliefs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The basis of the study was â€Å"To determine the influence of superstition about Taian (a lucky day)-Butsumetsu (an unlucky day) on decision to leave hospital. To estimate the costs of the effect of this superstition† (Hira, Fukui, Endoh, Rahman, Maekawa, 1998). They took figures from patients discharged from Kyoto University Hospital from the beginning of April 1992 to the end of March of 1995, 3 years worth of patients. In the Japanese world, the Taian-Butsumetsu belief is related to the six day lunar calendar and affects the Japanese culture in a variety of ways since the Taian is suppose to be a lucky day where as the Butsumetsu is supposed to mean unlucky. Due to this superstition, some patients have asked to extend their stay so that they can be released on the following Taian day, which means more costs to the hospitals. To get the most accurate data, they used hospital records and calculated the amount of days that patients were released on each day of the six lunar cycle, and then estimated the costs that the extension brought on to the hospital. They also took into consideration the patients age and gender. The results showed that â€Å"Of the 23677 patients discharged from the Kyoto University Hospital during the study period, 12613 (53. %) were female and 11064 (46. 7%) were male. The mean number of discharged patients was 21. 6 a day with the mean age 42. 3 years and the mean hospital stay 37. 1 days. The mean number, age, and hospital stay of discharged patients were highest on Taian and lowest on Butsumetsu. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant difference among the days of this cycle regarding the mean number, age, and hospital stay of discharged patients† (Hira, Fukui, Endoh, Rahman, Maekawa, 1998). Reports also showed that 3. 3% of the discharged patients adjusted their discharge date due to their belief in Taian. It goes on to state the estimation that the mean of a typical hospital charge was 12 600 yen a day. The extra charges the patients caused the hospital to incur in order to stay to the next Taian, amount to 7. 4 million yen a year all due to a superstition. If the patients would have shorted their stay to a prior Taian, there could have been a savings of roughly 12. 1 million yen. Another superstition for the Japanese is blood type. According to superstitions, your blood type can tell your temperament and personality. A man named Furukawa Takeji suggested a link between the two after working in a high school and observing the temperamental differences between applicants. His theory suggests that type A were generally mild tempered and intellectual, while blood types B were opposite (Thatcher). This superstition has influenced the Japanese so much that some companies have actually grouped their workforce together depending on their blood type. In the 1920’s and 30’s blood type grew more intriguing. Scientists in the west found that type B was common in Asia, but rare in Caucasians. As type B was typical in animals, they argued that Asians were inferior, lower on the evolutionary scale. Japan does have some forms of traditional medicine. They are required to have independent licensees for Kampo, acupuncture, moxibustion, and anma-massage-shiatsu. Kampo is only able to be performed by physicians with western medical doctor’s license. Acupuncture and moxibustion can be given by a person graduated from senior high school and later completed a 3 year education at one of the educational facilities specified. Acupuncture, moxibustion and anma are classified within the framework of the Japanese medical care system (Katai). Of these, Kampo seems to be the most widely used in Japan. Kampo medicine is widely practiced and is fully included into their modern healthcare system. The word Kampo means Han Method, which refers to China’s herbal system which developed in the Han dynasty. It was used in ancient China but is believed that Kampo came to Japan from Korea in the 5th or 6th century. In 1976, it was added to Japans national health insurance plan. Although it relies on herb formulas, it uses acupuncture, moxibustion and a few other components. 70 percent of physicians in Japan regularly prescribe it to their patients (Tanaka, 2010). It has been used by gynecologists, urologists, cardiologists and even gastrointestinal specialists. In order to determine the right formula for each patient, they require a sho. This is a diagnosis based on patient’s symptoms and patterns of disease. In 2007 Japan’s Society of Oriental Medicine issued an evidence report which shows all the findings of the research published from 1999-2005. 8 papers were deemed qualified. Some double blind showings were, â€Å"Hypertension related symptoms (flashed faces, etc. ): The administration of Ourengedokuto (Huang Lian Jie Du Tang) decreased hypertension related symptoms (Muli-center study of 116 facilities) Upper Gastric Symptoms: Rikkunshito (Liu Jun Zi Tang) was effective in decreasing upper GI discomfort and related complaints, such as a l ack of appetite. Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Administration of Keishikashakuyakuto (Gui Zhi Jia Shao Yao Tang) decreased abdominal pain among IBS patients. The effects were more pronounced among diarrhoea-dominant IBS cases. Muscle Cramping: Shakuyakukanzouto (Shao Yao Gan Cao Tang) was effective for reducing muscle cramping among cirrhosis patients. Obesity: 24 weeks of administering Bofutsuseisan (Fang Feng Tong Sheng San) decreased visceral fats and waist circle, as well as improved insulin resistance among obese female patients. Allergic Rhinitis: Shouseiryuto (Xiao Qing Long Tang) was effective in improving symptoms of allergic rhinitis† (Tanka, 2010). Another form of traditional medicine is Acupuncture and Shiatsu massage. Acupuncture is where extremely thin needles are gently placed in certain areas of your body. It can be uses to help balance the flow of energy through pathways in the body or can be used to stimulate nerves, muscles and tissue. It can be a more natural way of making the body feel better, without medication. Shiatsu is a massage that is used to relax people. The massage therapist uses hand, thumbs, elbows and knees to help dig into the more â€Å"knotted† areas of the body. It is an acupressure therapy. By using these additional parts of the body, they can use their whole body to endure more pressure onto the person in order to offset tension. The difference between acupuncture and acupressure is that acupuncture uses needles, where as acupressure uses body part to dig into the tissue. Some people do not truly understand the alternative ways. â€Å"The biggest misconception about alternative medicine is that its just a different procedurethat one can just replace it with conventional medicine, like taking an herb instead of a pill. †(Gray 2009). The Japanese also has strong views on medical beliefs. Things such as organ transplants are strongly discouraged due to Japans belief. In 1987, the Medical Association declared brain death to be equivalent to the death of a human being (Masahiro, 1995). Some Japanese doctors practice â€Å"closed-door medicine†, which is where the doctor fails to properly inform patients about their condition or straight out lies to them about it. A study in 1992 showed that only 20% of terminal cancer patients knew they had cancer because of the doctor’s decision to inform them on the truth. This shows that 80% of patients were lied to or told nothing. Masahiro, 1995) Due to this, Through the brain death controversy quite a few people expressed great fear that in the process of the determination of brain death and transplantation no information might be given to family members, and in the worst case that the doctors might lie to family members. Some pointed out the possibility that doctors might psychologically threaten the family members if they refuse to agree to organ donations from a brain-dead relative. As time passed, it appeared that Japan accepted modern technology in almost every form except human birth and death. Research has shown that they believed a dead person goes to the next world as a soul. If parts of that body were to be donated, then body as a whole would not be together, thus making the soul unhappy in the next world. The Japanese has however become more willing to use terms such as â€Å"informed consent† or â€Å"patients rights†. It appears as if Japans beliefs will simply be based off of their own cultural beliefs, as oppose to something such as the Euro-American beliefs. Due to the fast paced living in Japan, they have begun trends to help ease the stressed out society and bring forth relaxation. They have opened oxygen bars, nap salons and animal therapy. In oxygen bars, you can have personal flavored oxygen cans that can help bring you energy and provide fresh air. You can also purchase them at salons and beauty halls. The canisters, such as Big Ox’s helpfully informs that oxygen is an essential gas for human beings and claims that its 89 per cent oxygen blend (normal air contains about 21 per cent) can help boost energy, particularly during exercise (Feelgood, 2008). In recent years, major cities in Japan have opened nap salons. A particular salon in Tokyo, Napia has over 1,500 members. Fatigued office workers can take a brief lunchtime nap on a daybed there for roughly equivalent of $4. 50 (US). Sleep studies have shown that their naps should not go beyond 30 minutes because it is then more likely for them to fall into a deep sleep and end up waking up feeling extremely groggy. To help ensure that customers do not sleep beyond 30 minutes, they provide customers with coffee right before their nap. Since it generally take 20 minutes for the caffeine to kick in, they can get a quick nap in, then the caffeine will kick in and allow the person to have a more natural wake up (Faiola, 2006). Some Japanese companies have even gotten their health insurance providers to cover the fees for nap salons. If they have not succeeded in that route, they simply take naps at their desk during lunchtime. This way they are not only getting their nap in but the office lights are being turned off which is saving energy. In Japan, bathing in mineral waters is popular as a health-promotion practice. (Miller, 2007) Onsen, which is a hot spring, is in their belief to be opposite of everything in their normal crazy lifestyle. It represents an opportunity for the Japanese to melt down the hierarchical nature of society through mutual nakedness and intimacy (Onsen, 2006-7). It is pretty much a public bath with natural hot spring water for them to use in order to relax from their hectic work schedules. It is their belief that the water holds healing powers. There are a few different types of hot springs: Simple Springs, Carbonate Springs, Salt Springs, Sodium Sulfate Springs, Iron Springs, Acidic Springs, Sulfur Springs and Radium Hot Springs. Most people sit back quietly and enjoy the silence that surrounds them while bathing for roughly 20-30 minutes. The extremely acid hot spring Onsen water is believed to ease neuralgia, alleviate muscle pain and the symptoms of chronic skin disease. It also relieves chronic fatigue and stress. Since ancient times, Onsen water has been renowned to help maintain a beautiful skin. In addition to its other health and beauty benefits, the hot springs energize the metabolism. The Onsen experience is also known to calm nerves and put the bather in a relaxed, meditative state† (Onsen, 2006-7) Unfortunately today there are only three hot spring resorts remaining. One is Kusatsu Thermal Spring which is in a small town roughly two and a half hours from Tokyo by train. It can either be visited for the day, or turned into a mini vacation. If only wanting to spend a day, you can visit one of 18 public hot springs in the town for a quick fix. Another location is Gero Thermal Spring. It is roughly three and a half hours from Tokyo by train to Nagoya, then about an hour and a half to Gifu, where Gero is located. Here, you can stay at one of the resorts or visit the public springs which allows you to test out three of the twenty. The final is Arima Onsen Thermal Spring. This final spring is roughly three hours from Tokyo then another 30 minutes to Kobe, where Arima is located. This spa is the oldest spa known to the country. Here, there is a public theme park which holds 17 hot springs. Another trend is fish pedicures. At some Onsen Springs, there are spas where you can dip you feet into the water and have these fish eat the dead skin off your feet. Although they are considered â€Å"flesh eating† they actually have no teeth, meaning that you will not get bitten. They basically suck the dead skin and cells off, leaving your skin silky smooth. No matter what country you look at, each will have its own beliefs on medicine. Some are traditional and some may by alternative. Japan is widely known for having a mixture of each. While receiving influence from other countries, Japan has incorporated other medical approaches into their own. They have their own superstitions, traditional medicine (including how they view modern medical needs), and different types of current trends that they follow.

Reducing Air Pollution an Example of the Topic All Posts by

Reducing Air Pollution Through the Use of Oxygenated Gasoline Poor air quality and potential health concerns promoted the creation of the Clean Air Act. Cities with the worst air pollution started using a new type of gasoline. The Clean Air Act of 1990 permitted the use of oxygenated gasoline (Gasoline, 2006). Oxygenated gasoline contains hydrocarbons with one or more oxygen atoms. Oxygen causes gasoline to burn cleaner. There are different types of additives used in gasoline such as ethanol, methyl tert-butly ether (MTBE) and ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) (MTBE, Oxygenates, and Motor Gasoline, 2006). In 1981 the Environmental Protection Agency allowed MTBE to use in gasoline up to eleven percent per volume and then raised that percentage to fifteen percent in 1988. The oxygenates can reduce air pollution. In cities with the heaviest air smog such as Los Angeles, Chicago and New York, oxygenates seemed to have provided an economically efficient solution to their air quality problems (Control of MTBE in Gasoline, 2006). How ever recent evidence has caused many to take a look at some of the additives as potential health concerns. Need essay sample on "Reducing Air Pollution Through the Use of Oxygenated Gasoline" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The cities with the worst air quality are required by the Clean Air Act to have reformulated gasoline. There are seventeen states plus the District of Columbia with mandatory reformulated gasoline (EPA Commission Facts, 2006). There are two types of oxygenated programs. The winter oxygenated program is for cities with poor air quality and only during the winter months. This was created in 1992 and the additive used is ethanol. The second program is a year round program for the cities with the worst air quality and the additive used in 87% of the gasoline is MTBE (Methyl tert-Butly Ether) (Gasoline, 2006). Thirty percent of the gasoline used is reformulated and approximately 86% uses MTBE (Gas, 2006). Methyl tert-Butly Ether (MTBE) is formed from a reaction between isobutylene and methanol. MBTE is produced in high quantities and mainly used as a gasoline additive (Gasoline, 2006). A small portion of MBTE is also used in dissolving gallstones (Methyl tert Butyl Ether, 2006). MBTE had been around since 1979 when it replaced lead in gasoline (Gasoline, 2006). Although the MBTE does reduce the release of air pollutants such as carbon monoxide into the air, there are some negative characteristics associated with this gas additive. MBTE is highly flammable in liquid form. There is a distinctive taste and odor associated with MBTE. This makes it easy to detect MBTE in drinking water. In its vapor form MBTE can be broken down by sunlight and quickly evaporates from open containers. MBTE can leak into the underground water supply and can stay there for an indefinite amount of time. Fortunately, there is no evidence indicating that MBTE builds up in animals or plants (Tox FAQs for Methyl t ert Butyl Ether (MTBE), 2006). MBTE may or may not build up in animals, but there are some acute and chronic effects of MBTE. Touching, inhaling, or drinking are just some of the ways an individual can come exposed to MBTE (ToxFAQs for Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE), 2006). An acute illness an individual can get with exposure is respiratory tract irritation through inhalation (Material Data Safety Sheet, 2004). Any damage to the inner lining of the tract can cause respiratory irritation. The respiratory tract and lungs have special organs that trap dust and toxins that enter through the nose (Campbell, Reece, Mitchell and Taylor, 2003). A chronic problem associated with MBTE that has not been documented in humans, but have turned up in lab mouse is cancer. In lab mice testicular cancer, liver and kidney cancer has been researched (ToxFAQs for Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE), 2006). In lab mouse the LD-50 dose was 5960 micro liters per kilogram (Material Safety Data Sheet, 2004). Test show increase in 'Leydig' cell tumors through oral dosage and increase of lymphomas along with leukemia in female rats (2004). However, there were limitations of these tests. Tumors can occur in mice with the highest dose. Certain tumors have been known to show up these animals and limiting reporting of the combined lymphomas and leukemia (Williams and Sheehan, pg 94, 2002). The length of type determines how the exposure will be placed. A single event is an acute illness, less than seven years it is called sub-chronic and more than seven years is chronic (Example Exposure Scenarios, pg 3 2004). The effects of MTBE have been tested using to species sensitive to certain toxins-Daphinia magna (zooplankton) and Vibrio fisheri (bacteria). The name of the article is Combined toxicity effects of MTBE and pesticides measured with Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna bioassays. The journal is Water Research. This was a toxicology study. Mixtures of distilled water and 0.1 mg/L of MTBE at their effective concentration level. The bacteria and zooplankton were introduced into the mixture with different exposure times. One toxic endpoint was studied was the effective concentration that caused a fifty percent reduction in light production. The results were that MTBE is not very toxic to freshwater organsims depending on exposure time (Hernando, Ejerhoon, Fernandez-Alba and Christi, 2002). As mentioned earlier there are several routes of exposure for MBTE. With the skin there is touching gasoline and/or contaminated water. Inhalation can involve breathing exhaust fumes and air near highways and ingestion of contaminated water during drinking and swimming (Fox FAQs for Methyl tert Butyl Ether (MTBE), 2006). In Berkeley, California there are several sub populations that have a high risk of exposure of MBTE. One group is service station attendants. They have a greater chance than the general population in coming in constant contact with MBTE from exhaust fumes and skin absorption from pumping gas (Williams and Sheehan, pg 97, 2002). The analytical method that could be used to test the concentration levels of MBTE among gas station attendants is obtaining blood samples and using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. The gas chromatography would subject the samples to a flame causing the MBTE to vaporize. The chromatogram would show the levels of MBTE in each blood samples (Harrison, 2005). It probably is easier to obtain blood samples from healthy individuals. Two important questions to ask the participant would be how long have you been exposed to MBTE and is there a history of respiratory problems such as asthma or bronchitis before or after exposure. Exposure is the length of time a person in which the substance comes in contact with the skin, respiratory tract and lining of the stomach. Dose is the internal consumption of a substance through skin absorption, mouth and breathing (Bates, 2006). To calculate the individual dose is relatively simple. The absorption rate for inhalation is fifty percent. Other parameters need to calculate the dosage is frequency, time, and intake rate and body weight. The researcher would be able to find out this information by asking the participants about exposure time, body weight and the frequency of exposure. The intake rate would have to be calculated using microgram per kilogram per day. This formula will give you the average daily dose or ADD for the individual (Williams and Sheehan, pg 96, 2002). One way to study the exposure rate in service station attendants and also an inexpensive one would be a retrospective cohort studies. A retrospective cohort study uses records to track a specific group through a period of time. These studies are good, cheap, and can study multiple causes of death. Since records are used to tract MBTE exposure then information bias would probably blemish the overall study. Exposure types and the length of time could be misinformed on the health records (Bates, 2006). Every new program involves a risk assessment. A risk assessment is the possibility of harm and the evaluation of the evidence. A risk assessment of the levels of MBTE in drinking water would involve first sampling the water supply in a given area where MBTE is in high usage. The concentration in water must not be above the EPAs recommended level of 4 mg/L of water between one to ten days and 3mg/L for longer times. The area surrounding the contaminated drinking supply would also be tested for exposure rate. Factors that would influence the risk assessment in MBTE are using the assessment to make the best decision for a given area. In this case this could mean to ban MTBE and come up with another clean air alternative. However, cost and society concerns could influence environmental decisions. If alternatives to MBTE prove to be too costly, those consumers may overlook the health concerns of the additive (Wilson, 2006). There are low health risk alternatives that may not be costly. Dr. Jackson has stated that we are living in obese and self consumed world. Most people do not take the time to be concern for their health until health problems arise. Easy alternatives to this issue and improve air quality is doing more health conscious activities such as walking. Walking is the simplest and easiest for of exercise. Governments could build parks in or near new developments. Mass transits near developments would also benefit air quality in a given area (Jackson, 2006). Car makers should make more fuel alternative cars and the White House should lobby for fuel alternatives such as naturally cleaning burning fuels. To promote these changes pressure could be put on local governments through community meetings or petitions asking that land be allocated for a park or a walking area. Any new development wishing to build must include a park or walking area. The development must also be willing to build near public transportation such as bus station or commuter train. Another way to get people to become environmentally friendly is to offer rebates to those who carpool or tax breaks to those who use public transportation. MTBE may have been a cheap fix to a growing concern. However, to what price must people pay for cheap fuel alternatives? As the country struggle with growing gas prices it seems the nation has be forced to seek other fuel types or a change in lifestyle. Work Cited Campbell, N, Reece, J, Mitchell, L and Martha T. (2003). Biology Concepts and Connection. San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc. Control of MTBE in Gasoline. (2006, March 7). Retrieved April 27, 2006 Example of Exposure Scenarios. National Center for Environmental Assessment. Retrieved April 28, 2006. Gasoline. (2006, March 7). Retrieve April 27, 2006 Harrison, G. (2005, April). Application of a Hydrogen/Zero Air Gas System in GC-FID Operation at a Crime Laboratory. American Laboratory. Hernando, M, Ejerhoon, M., Fernandez-Alba, A, and Y. Christi. (2003, June 12). Combined toxicity effects of MTBE and Pesticides measured with Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna bioassays. Water Research. pp. 4091-4098. Material Safety Data Sheet. Methyl tert-Butly Ether. Retrieved April 28, 2006. MTBE (Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether. (2006, March 7). Retrieve April 27, 2006. Reformulated Gasoline. (1999, November). Retrieved April 27, 2006.

Ethics and Social Responsibility in International Business

The importance of ethics in the global business environment needs to be over emphasized. Nowadays, the need for ideal ethical behavior within organizations is paramount if organizations are to avoid potential lawsuits and other uncertainties in their operations as new business trends emerge on a daily basis causing problems to organizations and end users.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Ethics and Social Responsibility in International Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Public scandals of corporate malfeasance and malpractices, which and have even claimed death of many organizations, have profoundly influenced the public perception of many multinational organizations. Cases in point are large organizations such as Enron, Arthur Andersen and WorldCom among others. The recent expansion of global business as well as decline of trade barriers has necessitated the world over to further underpin the int erest in the topics of ethical behavior and social responsibility. On top of this, human rights and environmental conservation are getting more recognition with every passing day in both academic as well as commercial circles. As multinational organizations expand globally and establish operations in foreign markets, ethical conduct of their officers and employees gain more importance since the cultural diversity that usually accompany such expansion may compromise the much shared cultural and ethical values observable in the more homogeneous organizations (Morf, Duffy, et al. 1999 ). Although understanding of other cultures and acknowledgement of differences among them will enhance the cross-cultural communication, it may not be enough to offer ideal structures of proper ethical behavior in organizations. In the academic circles, the culture-based consequentiality model is developed to explain among other things, how cultural differences influence the ethical perceptions as well as actions of individuals engaged in making decisions with ethical overtones. Multinationals need to come to terms with the legal and moral atmosphere in which they operate. And above all, they need to establish an environment that fosters ethical behavior, because in the final analysis to do otherwise eats into their profitability. In contrast to this opinion, some scholars advanced the theory of Virtuous Ethics, which is defined as a theory that focuses mainly on an individual’s moral character. According to these scholars, marketing researchers attach little importance to virtuous ethics. Furthermore, they propose that without considering virtuous ethics, an elaborate analysis of the ethical character of marketing decision makers and their strategies cannot be attained.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strategies such as the codes of ethics represent one mean s of achieving the ultimate goal of having ethical international responsibility of business worldwide. There are numerous ethical responsibilities faced by multinational organizations. Therefore, just as one can value an individual’s culture by his or her actions and personal activities, ethical climate can be observed on a larger scale; in this case, the organization. Here, ethical climate is the employee’s perception of the norms of an organization (Bartels et al., 1998). Organizations that have a robust ethical climate experience few serious ethical problems and are more successful in coping with such problems. Their research suggests that it is vital for managers to consider developing strong ethical climates in order to equip organizational members with the capability to deal with ethical dilemmas. They have to oversee the development and maintenance of clear and robust set of norms to promote good ethical behavior. As Laczniak, et al (2007) has pointed out an org anization’s codes of ethics and enforcement of rules goes a long way in controlling the direct behavior of social entities. Based on the above analysis, multinationals must acknowledge the need for a homogenous code of business ethics. Without such a code, the conduct of players in this field will be unpredictable. Furthermore, national governments need to know that the most effective way of safeguarding their citizens, their national interests, and that of the global environment against the vagaries of the global business depend on the development, adoption and enforcement of such a code. However, a surge of momentum has been witnessed the world over owing to increasing interest and awareness of the parties concerned. Many multinational companies such as Toyota, Siemens, General Mills and Johnson Johnson among others have written guidelines that elaborately and explicitly detail how employees are expected to treat suppliers, customers, competitors, as well as other parties. There are those that have formulated formal codes of ethics—written statements about the values and ethical standards that guide the institutions’ operationsAdvertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Ethics and Social Responsibility in International Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some multinational companies deal with ethical issues proactively, by giving their employees training on how to handle ethical dilemmas. At Boeing, for instance, line managers are responsible for overseeing training sessions for other employees, and the company also has an ethics committee that answers directly to the board of directors. The training sessions entail discussions of various ethical dilemmas that employees might face and how best to handle them. Organizational practices as well as corporate culture also have an influence on the management of ethical behavior. If leaders in a firm conduct themselves in an ethical manner and violations of ethical standards are promptly and ideally addressed, then everyone in the organization will recognize that the firm expects them to conduct themselves in an ethical manner. If leaders appear to be above the set ethical standards or either trivialize or ignore unethical behaviors, then the wrong message is sent to the employees. References Bartels L.K. et al. (1998). The Relationship between Ethical Climate and Ethical Problems within Human Resource Management†, Journal of Business Ethics Vol. 17, 799-804. Laczniak, G. R. and Inderrieden J. (2007). The Influence of Stated Organizational Concern upon Ethical Decision Making, Journal of Business Ethics. Vol 6, 297-307. Morf, Duffy A., et al. (1999). A Survey of Ethics Officers in Large Organizations, Journal of Business Ethics. Vol 20, 265-271 This research paper on Ethics and Social Responsibility in International Business was written and submitted by user Jeramiah Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

CYP Core FINAL Essays

CYP Core FINAL Essays CYP Core FINAL Essay CYP Core FINAL Essay You may ant to look at the following but you could also choose your own, if you wish. It is important that the theory links clearly to practice. For example, if you discuss Skinners theory of positive reinforcement you need to describe how this is reflected in practice though verbal praise of children and giving stickers for positive behavior. The theorists listed below are suggestions only, you may have other preferred theorists. Explain 1 Behaviorism Theorist (e. G. Skinner, Watson) Explain 1 Cognitive Theorist (e. G. Pigged, Bigotry) Explain 1 Social Learning Theorist (e. G. Burner, Bandeau) Explain 1 Humanist Theorist (e. G. Mascot) Your assignment should be presented in an essay format. Please include any references and a bibliography. If you want information on how to do this please contact your assessor. Questions for COPY 3. 1 Each child and young person is an individual whose development is influenced by a variety of factors. These are often referred to as nature and nurture. That is that some of the development that we have is biological nature. This includes our genes which determine our potential and medical conditions or disabilities which may effect our development. The nurture side includes things like parenting styles, stimulation we receive, the impact others have on our development and the availability of resources. In our settings it is important to monitor children and young peoples development so that we can support and facilitate their development. We do this by observing them. Once we have observed them we should be using the EYES to assess what stage of development they have reached. We can then plan further activities to support them to move to the next stages. In settings this is often documented through Learning Diaries or Learning Journeys. In these booklets practitioners collate a variety of observations to document development. Examples of this may include long observations, short observations, event sampling, time sampling photographs, examples of childrens work, tick lists and audio/video samples. It depends on the reason for your observation as to which method you might use. It is essential that we do monitor development as the earlier we can pick up on delays and difficulties the earlier we can either change practice in the setting get help from an internal colleague or seek the support of an external colleague. Our assessments may be formative or assumptive. A formative assessment is the ongoing picture and information we are building up regarding a childs development. We may gather this information over a term and then at the end of that term we may do a assumptive assessment which brings together and summarizes the development that has taken place and may identify milestones the child has reached. This is often done at the end of the Early Years Foundation Stage as the child moves from the Foundation Stage and in to Key Stage 1 We may also see this at the end of a school year in the form of a report. A assumptive assessment may also be compiled if a child is changing settings mid way in a year, for example, they move to another county. The childs Learning Diary and a assumptive assessment should go with the child to their new setting so that the staff there can start to plan for the child. Equally, a young person who is moving from one school to another may have a mid year report from their existing school. Appendix A at the end of this unit gives further descriptions of the assessment methods and how they should link in with planning. In preparation for this unit it is important that you have a good understanding of the systems in place in your setting. If you dont already know what observations take place then take to a colleague and ensure that you have time to look at childrens records. When working with children and young people we should also be mindful of their holistic development. That is that areas of development dont develop on their own. For example, if we are looking at supporting a childs physical development of climbing then they need to also have confidence as well as co ordination and strength. So, areas of development can be described as interconnected. As a practitioner we may identify areas of development that may need specific support. We may be able to provide this in the setting, for example We may have a member Of staff who is trained in speech and language development or we may need to consider getting external support from a Speech and Language Therapist. When we are working in a multi agency way it is vital that there is communication between the agencies. Good communication will ensure that agencies are working together and providing a consistent approach and support. This should also include working with the families. If you are not aware of the Common Assessment Framework (CAFE) process then please do some individual research. This framework is specifically designed to support families who have a child or children with 2 or more identified needs. The framework needs the consent Of parents/career. Transitions Transitions can be described as a time of change. Think about when you have gone through changes yourselves. This could be as a child, young person or as an adult. How did that change make you feel? How did others support that change? How did you manage the change? What difference did others make to you? You may have recalled a change that most children and young people go through such as moving school, moving house or going through puberty. These are transitions that we usually know are going to take place and we can plan how we are going to support the child or young person. There are also transitions that we may or may not be able to prepare for such as the death of an animal, friend or family member or an illness or injury to the child or close relative/friend. As a practitioner it is important that we ensure the child or young person is stable and supported within the setting. Consistency of care within the setting will make them feel more secure. If there is change and confusion in the setting this may add to their negative experiences. 1. 2 Explain the difference between sequence of development and rate of development and why the difference is important. 2. 1 . Explain how children and young people?s development is influenced by a range of personal factors. These could include health, learning difficulties, sensory impairment or disability. 2. 2. Explain how children and young peoples development is influenced by a range Of external factors. These could include poverty, deprivation, family background, education, looked after care personal choices. 3. 1 . Explain how to monitor children and young peoples development using different methods. Choose a minimum Of 6 different methods. 3. 2. Explain the reasons why children and young people?s development may not follow the expected pattern. 3. 3. Explain how disability may affect development. 3. 4. Explain how different types of interventions can promote positive outcomes for children and young people where development is not following the expected pattern.

Analysis of Effectiveness of Behavior Patterns - Part 4 Essay

Analysis of Effectiveness of Behavior Patterns - Part 4 - Essay Example Older employees face biases and they constantly fear the job loss. The reason for this is that they are the victims of downsizing and management thinks that they are no more of any use to the organization. It is not a sensitive approach, because they have an experience and in the field of education, experienced teachers are considered to be more capable than the new teachers. Favoritism was observed in the workplace and the favorite staff members of the management enjoy extra leisure time than the other people. This evokes a sense of rejection and disappointment in other staff members. Asian and Africans also face biases in the workplace, and sometimes feel lonely and confused. They are not given the same status in the organization as the other employees. They face alienation from the staff members and usually sit by their own during the work time. There are many cues, which encourage learning and the management should adopt them in order to develop a learning environment in the organization. The first thing, which encourages employee to learn, is that manager himself is practicing, what he is asking them to do. This helps a lot and employees carry on the practice happily. Unfortunately, it is not practiced in this organization. The second thing, which encourages learning, is that regular training session should be arranged. This keeps the employees in the practice of learning and they learn new things and methodologies1. The use of technology must be encouraged and should be made compulsory. They should be introduced with the websites, containing material about their job and like this they will learn new techniques and will be aware of the new searches in their respected fields. The training session should include not only the employees of the organization but also the employees of the partner organizations can be included. T his will bring excitement in the employees and they will show more enthusiasm and interest. Different

Graphic Design & Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Graphic Design & Society - Essay Example Design is a crucial part in communication. Whereas radio advertising is influential in wider verbal and audio broadcast a different medium is necessary for visual stimulus. This occurs when anything is placed in front of the eyes. One form of visual stimulation communication is graphic design. The process that goes into a design All the communication that we see visually from billboards to magazine ads, web pages to flyers and even menus in restaurant required a designer to create them. The designer of such visual images has to first picture mentally the pieces of the work to be communicated in his mind. He has to create and organize his work in such a way that it meets the customer’s requirement and convey the message intended without distorting (Jorhson and Jameson). Graphic design is synonymous with society, in a way it is always omnipresent in life. It is found in every shape of life. Whether one is selling, persuading or stimulating design is right there to influence your decisions. Astounding graphic designers attract viewers to them making one feel affiliated towards them. It is integral in the promotion of emotions as well as actions. Graphic design involves evenly the procedure by which a design is created and the design or product created. The graphics design involves the artist breaking communication barriers by visually setting out proper techniques for the message. Graphic designs integral components are the image and the font type. Making an art craft, it does not maker one a graphic designer, graphic designing entails a lot including good interaction skills, talent, and even critical thinking. An artist is required within a limited amount of space the artist should convey feelings, opinions, and emotions repeatedly without using words. Audiences react differently to what they see based on individual experiences character and mental organization. For example a visual image that expresses or shows tears, there is something wrong. Mostly the emotions of sadness and sympathy come to mind (Jorhson and Jameson). Graphic design involves several styles. One style is the image-based design. This type of design an image transmits the majority all whole of a message and it includes few or no words to compliment it. In such images the picture carries the meaning and it has words they serve to support a message clearly expressed by the picture. In the text-based design style, the words carry the bigger message while the picture supplements. It is almost purely made of words while the picture serves a small amount of reference. It is important to note that explicit designers use text much differently than article writers do. Even when one has a text based design words must be limited and precise in their meaning and look. Even text fonts highly affect the emotion that is attributed to a graphic. It is the duty of a graphic designer to look for the necessary letter fonts, colours and images and use them to a balance that is fitting . Another part of the graphic design process is the job description. The designer is typically the cushion linking all the participating parties. The parties involved include, professionals, client’s audiences, artists whom all work through the designer to attain end results which is a piece that delivers the intended message. The artist becomes an intermediary linking the user and the audience. In

The important books on philosophy for understanding life Essay

The important books on philosophy for understanding life - Essay Example However, in our communities, most of us tend to just blindly believe the historical, religious and cultural thoughts and ideas which have been handed down to us from generation to generation without even questioning its authenticity. But Philosophy has helped us immensely by making us understand that it is better to reason out and analyze things for ourselves instead of blindly believing everything. Reasoning helps us to be better individuals and gives us the confidence to help other members of our society. While reflecting on my own life, I feel that I too had some blind beliefs earlier but after reading The Dialogue Reader my perceptions have changed and I rely on my own reasoning for incidents that take place in my life. Finally, we can say that all our strong beliefs are based on our reasoning, so if our reasoning is correct our beliefs automatically are right. But in case our reasoning went wrong, then our beliefs would be wrong too. Therefore, now I rely on my reasoning before I form strong beliefs about something.In the pursuit of happiness, man has time and again been confronted with innumerable challenges. This quest can be the finding of oneself or the attainment of enlightenment. Achieving this state of happiness or enlightenment is an ongoing process and an individual can attain it only by traversing the course of life as it is presented every day. Our belief is that happiness is hard to find but it is also true that each of us spends our entire lifetime to search, grasp and hold it.... Achieving this state of happiness or enlightenment is an ongoing process and an individual can attain it only by traversing the course of life as it is presented every day. Our belief is that happiness is hard to find but it is also true that each of us spend our entire lifetime to search, grasp and hold it. In the book, Siddhartha, Herman Hesse tells us about the life of an imaginary character, Siddhartha, who left home to find enlightenment. The hero of this book, Siddhartha, finds enlightenment not only through his own life experiences but also through that of people around him. The story is set during the period of Buddha, the founder of Buddhism. The hero comes across Buddha, the Enlightened One, but is unable to reach his goal of happiness under him. He feels that he cannot find what he is seeking from anyone but himself. His meeting with his son and the son’s subsequent departure helps him understand the transient nature of joy. It also helps him realize the beauty of u nselfish devotion. The author makes us realize during the course of the novel that happiness could be obtained through experiences and self-discovery. Siddhartha goes through a cycle of spirituality, materialism and once again spirituality. The various avatars of Siddhartha are that of a son, a holy man, a businessman and a hedonist. In each phase of his life, Siddhartha undergoes many experiences which bring him closer to his goal of attaining fulfillment and happiness. Like Siddhartha each one of us must resolve that â€Å"I will learn from myself, be my own pupil† (Hesse, 39). The journey of our life is our journey towards happiness and fulfillment. Happiness therefore is not a goal to be achieved but a journey to be traversed and cherished for its lessons. Author Robert C.

Adam Smith Wealth Nations Wealt Of Nations Summary Economics Essay

Adam Smith Wealth Nations Wealt Of Nations Summary Economics Essay In the first sentence of Wealth of Nations, Smith explained his conception of the nature of the wealth of nations. In so doing, he separated his views from those of the mercantilists and physiocrats. The annual labour of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniences of life which it annually consumes, and which consists always either in the immediate produce of that labour, or in what is purchased with that produce from other nations. In a number of places throughout Wealth of Nations, Smith berated the mercantilists for their concern with the accumulation of bullion and identification of bullion with the wealth of a nation. Smith believed, in fact, that most mercantilists were confused on this issue. For him, wealth was an annual flow of goods and services, not an accumulated fund of precious metals. He also revealed an understanding of a link between exports and imports, perceiving that a fundamental role of exports is to pay for imports. Furthermore, in his opening sentence he implied that the end purpose of economic activity is consumption, a position he developed more fully later in the book. This further distinguishes his economics from that of the mercantilists, who regarded production as an end in itself. Finally, in emphasizing labor as the source of the wealth of a nation, he differed from the physiocrats, who stressed land. Smith went on to suggest that the wealth of nations be measured in per capita terms. Today when it is said, for example, that England is wealthier than China, it is understood that the comparison is based not on the total output or income of the two countries but on the per capita income of the population. In essence, Smiths view has been carried forward to the present. In the same paragraph in which Smith stated that consumption is the sole end and purpose of all production, he rebuked the.mercantilists because in their system the interest of the consumer is almost constantly sacrificed to that of the producer and because they made production, and not consumption . .. the ultimate end and object of all industry and commerce. So much for the nature of the wealth of nations. The rest of Smiths book is concerned with the causes of the wealth of nations, directly or indirectlyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬sometimes very indirectly. Book I deals with value theory, the division of labor, and the distribution of income; Book II with capital as a cause of the wealth of nations. Book III studies the economic history of several nations in order to illustrate the theories presented earlier. Book IV is a history of economic thought and practice that examines mercantilism and physiocracy. Book V covers what today would be called public finance. Causes of the Wealth of Nations Smith held that the wealth of a nation, what we today call the income of a nation, depends upon (1) the productivity of labor and (2) the proportion of laborers who are usefully or productively employed. Because he assumed that the economy will automatically achieve full employment of its resources, he examined only those forces that determine the capacity of the nation to produce goods and services. Productivity of labor. What determines the productivity of the labor force? In Book I, Smith stated that the productivity of labor depends upon the division of labor. It is an observed fact that specialization and division of labor increase the productivity of labor. This had been recognized long before the publication of Wealth of Nations, but no writer emphasized the principle as Smith did. In our modern economyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬even in the academic worldà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬division of labor is widely practiced, with notable influence on productivity. Smith illustrated the advantages of specialization and division of labor by borrowing from past literature an example that measured output per worker in a factory producing straight pins. When each worker performs every operation required to produce a pin, output per worker is very low; but if the production process is divided into a number of separate operations, with each worker specializing in one of these operations, a large incre ase in output per worker occurs. In Smiths example, when the process is divided into eighteen distinct operations, output per worker increases from twenty pins per day to forty-eight hundred. It is interesting that although Smith recognized the economic benefits of specialization and division of labor, he also perceived some serious social costs. One social disadvantage of the division of labor is that workers are given repetitious tasks that soon become monotonous. Human beings become machines tied to a production process and are dehumanized by the simple, repetitive, boring tasks they perform. But Smith had no doubt that human welfare is, on balance, increased by the division of labor. The division of labor, in turn, depends upon what Smith called the extent of the market and the accumulation of capital. The larger the market, the greater the volume that can be sold and the greater the opportunity for division of labor. A limited market, on the other hand, permits only limited division of labor. The division of labor is limited by the accumulation of capital because the production process is time-consuming: there is a time lag between the beginning of production and the final sale of the finished product. In a simple economy in which each household produces all of its own consumption needs and the division of labor is slight, very little capital is required to maintain (feed, clothe, house) the laborers during the production process. As the division of labor is increased, laborers no longer produce goods for their own consumption, and a stock of consumer goods must exist to maintain the laborers during the time-consuming production process. This stock of goods comes from saving and is, in this context, what Smith called capital. A major function of the capitalist is to provide the means for bridging the gap between the time when production begins and the time when the final product is sold. Thus, the extent to which production processes requiring division of labor may be used is limited by the amount of capital accumulation available. Smith therefore concluded: As the accumulation of stock must, in the nature of things, be previous to the division of labour, so labour can be more and more subdivided in proportion only as stock is previously more and more accumulated. Productive and unproductive labor. The accumulation of capital, according to Smith, also determines the ratio between the number of laborers who are productively employed and those who are not so employed. Smiths attempt to distinguish between productive and unproductive labor became confused and reflected normative or value judgments on his part. However, it manifests an awareness of the problem of economic growth. Labor employed in producing a vendible commodity is productive labor, Smith held, whereas labor employed in producing a service is unproductive. As an advocate of the changing social and economic order, he postulated that the activities of the capitalists, which resulted in an increased output of real goods, were beneficial to economic growth and development, whereas the expenditures of the landowners for servants and other intangible goods were wasteful. A man grows rich by employing a multitude of manufacturers: he grows poor by maintaining a multitude of menial servant s.10 According to Smith, what is true of the individual is true for the nation; thus, for the economy as a whole, the larger the share of the labor force involved in producing tangible real goods, the greater the wealth of the nation. Capital is required to support the productive labor force; therefore, the greater the capital accumulation, the larger the proportion of the total labor force involved in productive labor. Capitals are increased by parsimony, and diminished by prodigality and misconduct. This distinction between productive and unproductive labor also affected Smiths view of the role of the government in the economy. Just as the expenditures of the landowning class for servants and other forms of unproductive labor are detrimental to economic development, so is some part of government expenditures. The sovereign, for example, with all the officers both of justice and war who serve under him, the whole army and navy, are unproductive labourers.12 Smith insisted that the highest rates of economic growth would be achieved by distributing large incomes to the capitalists, who save and invest, and low incomes to the landlords, who spend for menial servants and who leave nothing behind them in return for their consumption.13 Furthermore, because economic growth is inhibited by government spending for unproductive labor, it is better to have less government and, consequently, lower taxes on the capitalists so that they may accumulate more capital.

Sports and Student Athletes :: Dialogue Conversation Essays

Student Athletes My alarm woke me up, screaming incessantly in my ear. It was eight o'clock Saturday morning, and I felt like I had fallen asleep only a few minutes earlier. I rolled out of bed onto the itchy carpet and somehow found my towel and shampoo in the darkness so I could drag myself to the shower. As the steaming water helped wake me up, I began to think about the day I had in front of me. "Here we go," I thought. "I better make it through this one or I'll be in serious trouble." It was the 27th, and in under an hour I would be in huge gym with hundreds of people taking the SAT. A mere two hours later, I would have to row my first 2k erg test of the season. My new coach from Germany would be standing over my shoulder, and I knew that those seven minutes would have a huge impact on whether or not I would make the varsity boat that spring. I could not help thinking about how important this day would be for me as I saw in my mind the e-mails from Dartmouth, Harvard, and Brown asking me about my times on the erg, which would determine how much interest they would take in me. Last minute thoughts on standardized test strategy swirled through my head as I tried to eat my quick breakfast of toast in the dining hall. Micah tried to talk to me about what we would do that night, but my mind was in a haze as I tried to focus on the task ahead. His voice was just background noise, an every once in a while I would nod me head and appear interested in what he had to say, but his words didn't register in my mind. Before I knew it, we were in Ridgedale. The long rows of desks stretched out before me, and I felt overwhelmed by everything going on around me. I sat down and refocused, realizing that I was getting over-excited about nothing. I tried to calm myself down, but I couldn't help worrying about doing well on the test and proving to everyone around me that I deserved the scholarship I had received to this school.

Preliminary Studies of Religion Depth Course: Christianity Essay

Christianity is more than a belief in one God. It isn’t just something a person is baptised into to. Christianity is a source of hope for those who doubt, it is a guide for those who are lost and it provides answers for those who wonder. Christianity is the belief in one true God and from there come various interpretations that religions such as Anglicanism, Christianity and Lutheranism have taken and formed a more specific faith. In this preliminary year we will explore the beliefs, values, ethics, rituals and practices of Christianity. The course will open your mind to enlighten and enrich your knowledge on what is, the worlds most dominated religion. We just have to look over history to see the impact that one man has made on a society. Today characteristics of Christianity stem from the major events of Christ’s life and various interpretations of his predecessors. Jesus was born to Joseph and Mary in Bethlehem in approximately 4 BCE. Up until age 30 we are unaware of the occurrences in Jesus’ life. Christians believe that God sent Jesus to preach God’s word and demonstrate the morals, values and ethics, through which Jesus lived. Christianity evolved around the first century AD, branching off from Judaism, Christianity shared the ethical teachings of Christ. Christians have faith in Jesus as the model of Christianity through the way he lived his life; preaching, healing and humbling the supreme presence of God. Jesus conveyed his unheard of message through parables to the outcasts of society; prostitutes, the disabled etc. were his followers. Faith came from the divine actions of healing, commanding the forces of nature and the forgiving of sins. So what do Christians believe? There are several principle beliefs of Christianity that share a commonness that dominates the foundations of Christianity. First of all they believe in the divinity as well as the humanity of Jesus Christ. This means that Christians take Jesus a legit being but that he is also one with God – divine. This leads on to the core belief of the death, resurrection and ascension of Christ. This belief in itself forms the foundation of all Christian beliefs which this event solidifies the dominance of Christ within Christianity. From this divine event, there is a core belief in the trinity, a belief that God exists as 3 beings Father, Son and Holy Spirit. So another legacy of Jesus Christ is evident in Christian ethics based from the 10 Commandments and the Beatitudes as well. The Ten Commandments are viewed as the Law of God, his divine message conveyed through the way one should live their life. The greatest commandment is found in Matthew 22:36-40 where he is asked what is the greatest commandment? He replies quite simply â€Å"You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, all your soul and all your mind† Jesus also then goes on to emphasise the importance of the 2nd greatest commandment; â€Å"love your neighbor as yourself†. The Beatitudes laid down by Matthew and Luke are expressed as teachings through the blessings of various virtues of Christians. The Beatitudes and Ten Commandments are focused on Humility, Love and Compassion and are heavily practiced today through the interpretations of Christians. Christian practices refer to the way one practices their religion. In todays society Christian practices vary depending on the interpretations of Christian variants which include rituals and sacraments for example prayer, communion and baptism. Prayer is used as a spiritual connection to God and is highly encouraged throughout the bible. Communion and Baptism are both sacraments that again interpreted accordingly express ones faith and dedication to God. Baptism is the first initial step towards a relationship to God and following his Laws and the teachings of Jesus. Communion on the other hand relates back to the belief in the death and resurrection of Christ, it establishes belief and a relationship between human, Jesus and God. All of these Christian practices are fully implemented in the Churches of today’s Christian societies and have been practiced as a part of this religion for thousands of years. So where to from now? Year 11 is a year of growth and learning. We will look at these aspects in further detail to obtain the fullest knowledge of Christian practices beliefs and ethics and the impact these have through the legacy of Jesus Christ. Since the birth of Christ his legacy whilst yes wasn’t embraced completely throughout his lifetime has had a huge impact on the modern society, over approximately 2.1 billion people world wide follow the faith that was built from one man, one belief and one teaching that went against everything that society knew. The legacy of Jesus Christ is everlasting, a continuous evolution of the interpretation of the core values, teachings and beliefs of Christianity. Good luck for your journey that you will all take for year 11 and thank you for attentively listening to the legacy of Jesus Christ.

New Years Resolutions in August (Has the heat gotten to Brenda)

New Years Resolutions in August (Has the heat gotten to Brenda) August might be a strange time to talk about New Year’s Resolutions, but I got to thinking†¦Ã‚   let’s get real: We’re three quarters through the year, there’s a fall chill in the air, and if we don’t buckle down now on those January promises, the year will be over before we know it. That’s why I took a look at my list for 2012 with the idea that I will hold myself accountable for anything on the list that has not been done. Here’s what I promised for 2012 and the current status of the task (as you read this list, I invite you to think about the standing of your own resolutions, if you’re brave enough to check the list): 2012 New Year’s Ressaylutions 1. Create a new template for my website that brings me more into the technology of 2012. It seems the work of designing a website is never done. Despite having completed this task, I’m still tweaking, and tweaking some more. Stay tuned for a new home page that will make my services easier to find. I have an idea in my head about what that will look like and will probably hire a designer to make it a reality. 2. Create new e-lists for past clients, and survey past clients. Thanks to Jeanne, my awesome Virtual Assistant (she is a real person, not a computer, don’t worry), I have been able to complete all these projects! Most exciting is that I have now invited all my clients from 2012 onto my various e-lists. And new clients will be automatically invited to join. I’m so happy that I will be reliably keeping in touch with the people I have worked with! I feel so much more relaxed now that regular correspondence is guaranteed and not a random occurrence like it was a year ago. Ahhhh†¦. My current project is a survey that has gone out to clients to identify my Unique Selling Proposition. This project has several phases and I’m partway through the first one now. You may have received that survey already! 3. Revise autoresponders from 2011. Also thanks to Jeanne, all my autoresponders have been converted from summaries of my articles (with links to the full article) into emails that include the complete article. I trust this format is more user-friendly and makes my messages more fun to read. 4. Publish my e-book on Kindle Wow did that one happen! As you all know, How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile (now in its 3rd edition) is trending as #1 in the Business Writing Category on Amazon. Next project is to publish a Spanish-language version of the book. An initial translation is complete and I will be working on finalizing it and converting it to Kindle format in the next few months! I will also continue to revise the e-book as changes are made in LinkedIn, and as I learn more about the site’s functionality. I am committed to staying on top of the latest developments as I educate people about How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile. 5. Report on and count success stories in 2012. See 212 Success Stories for 2012. It has been more challenging than I expected to keep track of my clients’ news†¦Ã‚   but with my new client lists I think that will change! There are 56 successes on the list so far, and more coming soon. 6. Continue to write and share about writing issues, job search issues, and sometimes life issues that strike my fancy each week and that my readers care about.   I’ve been doing this regularly- and I hope you continue to enjoy and get value from what I write. If you have requested topics, please let me know. How DID she do it? As I look at the list above, what strikes me most is how much I have relied on other people to make my resolutions a reality. It took my Virtual Assistant Jeanne, my web designers Ivan and Meher, my publisher Brian, my clients who created and reported on their successes, and other authors and educators who sparked ideas and insights to share with all of you. The other thing I notice is that some of the tasks on my list seemed HUGE when I started them; but by taking them one step at a time, they miraculously got completed. Are there items on your resolutions list that you would be sure to complete if only you enrolled the right support? Are there items you’ve given up on because they are too overwhelming? What if you asked for help? If an appointment with a friend or a personal trainer is the only thing that will get you to the gym, there’s no shame in that! If you need a resume writer to make sure you start your job hunt, hire one! I have a great resume writer to recommend. What if you took the first small step in a larger project? Organizing one drawer is a great step if you aim to organize your house. Signing up for a LinkedIn account is the first step to having a KILLER profile. (You know where to go if you want The Essay Expert’s input in the process.) For my part, I promise to keep on plugging. It looks like I’m right on track to fulfill on my 2012 â€Å"Ressaylutions.† How about you? I wonder what we will all be up to in 2013? Category:Life and LeadershipBy Brenda BernsteinAugust 20, 2012

Gun Control Saves Kids Lives

Gun Control Saves Kids Lives There was a day and time when kids at a young pre-school age could play with toy handguns and itdidn't present a problem. The world we live intoday doesn't allow for such recreation, becausein this environment today one doesn't relatehandguns to shooting pop-up duck targets, butrelates it to deaths. The kids today are relating the useof handguns to self-defence, agression, or revenge.It's not like it was in the 50's, kids today live in a liveammunition world.Kids shouldn't have access to handguns through any means especially legal ones. "Parents, professionals and many others are concerned about the increasing numbers of children and adolescents killed by firearms. This was in a fact sheet (July 1999) on the internet titled "Children and firearms." This statement lets the reader know that there is a problem with kids possessing firearms.I was looking at a 30 minute pro-gun program (July, 25 1999) sponsored bythe (NRA) National Rifle Association on CBS, and the pro-gun people didn'tbe lieve that a ban on handguns would make society safer, but they never gave any statistic; Banning of handguns save kids lives.English: A wide shot of the muskets and handguns t...Where is Britains crime rate after they ban handguns compared to where it was, it is down according to the book Gun Control, it state on (pg 5)...When gun crime rates in the United States are compared with those in foreign countries, the comparison shows that most industrially developed Western nations experience lower rates than America. All the crime that's accoring in my community led me to look up these statistics in this book by Franklin E. Zimring and Gordon Hawkins. Before I could get into the book where it states that America has such a high rate of crime by guns than any other country, I...

Evaluation of a Wellness Centre in the Community Essay

Evaluation of a Wellness Centre in the Community - Essay Example The clinic is run by Anthony R. Di Francesco, Ph.D., who is the Director and Christopher T. Haley, Psy.D., the Co-Director; along with their highly qualified staff that include Clinical Psychologists Kate Strand, Ph.D.  Ã‚  Jason Epstein, Psy.D.  Ã‚  Matthew Broudy PhD, Ayonda L., PhD Alicia Batts, PhD, Fields, Ph.D. Also on the staff are Donna Price and  Sandra K. Molle, who are Licensed Professional Counselor (L.P.C.’s) and Michael Schell-Smith and Sandy Mansfield, who are Licensed Clinical Social Workers (L.C.S.W.’s). Between them, the staff is trained in a plethora of therapeutic techniques ranging from the structured individual therapy sessions to the more dynamic training and group activity sessions that include alternate treatment disciplines like the use of Imagery, Tai Chi and Meditation. The services provided include Individual Psychotherapy for all ages, a variety of techniques under Play Therapy,  Family Psychotherapy and Couples Psychotherapy for a wide range of situations. The clinic also conducts group Psychotherapy sessions for Mind-Body co-ordination,   Bio-Feedback Training which is recommended for individuals suffering from stress related conditions,   Life Coaching,   Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as well as Psychological Testing for learning disabilities like Dyslexia, for ADHD, behavioral and clinical conditions like depression, anxiety and others.

'Team-work forces employees to internalise managerial controls' Essay

'Team-work forces employees to internalise managerial controls'. Critically analyse this statement - Essay Example A synonym often used for management control is internal control.† (Havens, 1) The manager is the one that is normally in charge of this work. As he monitors the activities, he is able to make changes or corrections wherever he sees it necessary. This work of control helps the company know how well they are performing in connection with the goals of the company. Control helps the organization to adjust to the change of environment, reduce the build-up of error, cope with the complexities of the organization, and lastly to reduce the costs. In order for control to be successful, certain steps have to be followed. Standards have to be established, performance of the workers should then be measured, then a comparison between performance and standards should be done, and lastly, the manager should determine if there is need for modification of behaviour. The scope of the control involves a variety of areas. There is the control over the organizational policies; most companies will t estify that this is done through their policy manuals. Then there is control over the organization or the company, and this is done through the chart or manual of the company. Then there is control over the employees, this is because the basic definition of management is getting the work done through the people that are working for the company. There is also control over the income or salaries of the employees; this is done through the personnel department. There is also control over the costs, this work is done through the cost accountant, it is this individual who sets the cost for the materials and labour, and he does this by comparing it with the standard costs. There is also control over methods; this is done by holding a periodical inspection of the work of each department. Then there is control over capital spending, this is done through grading different projects and determining where the capital should be spent. There is also control over the production, it is in this area that effort is exerted to make simple and explain the line of products. There is also control over research and since this work is technical in its essence, no direct control is given to it. There is also control over external relations; this work is done through the public relations department. And lastly, there is overall control, this is done through a master plan, all the departments are obliged to participate in this overall procedure. As the years have gone by, management control strategies have also improved. â€Å"Organizations often use standardized documents to ensure complete and consistent information is gathered. Documents include titles and dates to detect different versions of the document. Computers have revolutionized administrative controls through use of integrated management information systems, project management software, human resource information systems, office automation software, etc. Organizations typically require a wide range of reports, e.g., financia l reports, status reports, project reports, etc. to monitor what's being done, by when and how.† (Mcnamara, 1) This and many other technological improvements that have come due to the growth of technology have helped modify and make better the management control system. And hence, it has proven to be a very effective and reliable system, one that is able to ensure that all the goals of the organization are met in a short period of time. Unlike the previous years where the progress of organizational goals was very slow. This

Consumer Behavior Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Consumer Behavior - Research Proposal Example While scholars like Rallapalli (2008) considered globalization as a blessing for the customers considering the increase in the number of options for decision making, Weinberg & Gottwald (2006) stated that the traditional buyer-seller relationship is changing because of globalization. Considering these sentiments, the primary focus of this research will be to analyze the influence of globalization on the behavior of the customer towards the multinational brands entering into the market. The aim of the research is to assess the influence of globalization on the customer behavior in respect to the multinational brands. The researcher also intends to evaluate the changes brought in the buying process of the customers as a result of globalization and identify the factors that are influencing the decision making process of the customers in the contemporary market scenario. The extent of globalization as a theoretical concept and reality is dominating the international business place. The concept of developing a unified market place for sustainable growth of the business houses and their customer base has taken a new shape, as the strategic aims of the business houses have altered from profit earning to accumulating customer base. On the other hand, the reaction of the customers towards the changes in the market place is mixed in nature. While some groups of customers are considering globalization to be one of the most advantageous alternations in market structure, others are finding it difficult to comprehend the developments in the market. In the words of Fornell (2007), globalization is not only for the business houses, it has given immense power to the customers by increasing the transparency in the market place. However, it is quite evident that despite having a larger market scope, many of the multinational firms are facing it difficult to perfor m in the new market places. This shows the contradictions in the nature of the business process and the

Femile De Antonio And Michael Moore Essay Example for Free

Femile De Antonio And Michael Moore Essay Emile de Antonio and Michael Moore are American film makers whose work touches mainly on violence in various circles of life in America. Their film making is mainly on documentary basis and they give a brief summary of issues because they have a desire to communicate information that is to result into a positive change. One similarity in their work is the setting which is America. Their works are based on issues in America although the subjects that they address are slightly different. Michael Moore mainly targets the issues in the academic institutions. In his movie, bowling for the combine, he addresses violence in the combine high school. He presents cases of damage to human life through the use of guns. This is where students engage in violence by shooting their colleges whom they place as enemies. Moore has an intension of having discipline return in American learning institutions. Emile de Antonio on the other hand has one main aim of addressing the violence in American political arena. He addresses issues such of wars and violent assassinations. His works are also a documentary. In his movie, a white house comedy, Emile, who has affiliations with the Marxists talks about a young man’s drive towards 68’ general election. In the year of the pig, he addresses the policy that resulted into Vietnam War. His cases are mainly on politically motivated violence and he has an aim of creating peace and accountability in the American administration. His critism on political culture is fruitful although he was treading on dangerous grounds because he was against the government.

ky history :: essays research papers

DALLAS (AP) — At an extraordinary meeting on the sex scandal that has shaken the Roman Catholic church, U.S. bishops took a step toward a zero-tolerance policy for pedophile priests after scrapping a proposal that would have kept some abusive clergy in the ministry. Bishops met in a closed-door session until late Thursday as they crafted a plan that Catholic leaders hope will end a crisis that has seen the dismissal or resignation of 250 accused priests since January. Four bishops have also stepped down. Final legislation was to be approved Friday — progress considered unprecedented for a church that often debates issues for years. AP/L.M. Otero [17K] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Last week's initial draft proposed that a priest who abused one minor in the past could be reassigned to a parish, though only if he underwent counseling, was examined by a review board, agreed to supervision and publicly disclosed his misconduct. Future acts of molestation would mean expulsion — an idea expected to be retained Friday. Cardinal Francis George of Chicago said the two-strikes-and-you're-out ``language is unacceptable. That sounds as if you can do it once and no one would pay attention to you.'' Archbishop Harry Flynn of St. Paul and Minneapolis, head of the drafting committee, indicated this left two options: Strict zero tolerance — ousting any priest found guilty of abuse — or a slightly less strict policy of the sort advocated by Cardinal Theodore McCarrick of Washington, D.C. McCarrick has suggested allowing some older men guilty of one past misdeed to remain technically in the priesthood but living in close confinement, kept out of parishes and barred from celebrating public Masses. Bishops open abuse conference Windows Media RealVideo Thursday's meeting came after a highly dramatic opening in which Bishop Wilton Gregory, president of the United States Conference of Bishops, bluntly acknowledged that bishops' mistakes helped cause the scandal. While Gregory has repeatedly apologized for the bishops' role in the crisis, his remarks Thursday were perhaps his most direct yet. ``We are the ones who chose not to report the criminal actions of priests to the authorities, because the law did not require this,'' he said. ``We are the ones who worried more about the possibility of scandal than in bringing about the kind of openness that helps prevent abuse.'' Bishops also heard victims tell how pain permeated their lives. Michael Bland of Chicago told of joining the priesthood but leaving after trying to persuade church leaders to take action against his molester.